diff --git a/Paper1 (first version, under revision).pdf b/Paper1 (first version, under revision).pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38f2063 Binary files /dev/null and b/Paper1 (first version, under revision).pdf differ diff --git a/SAVM.bib b/SAVM.bib index 34669bf..a753fb2 100644 --- a/SAVM.bib +++ b/SAVM.bib @@ -567,37 +567,6 @@ url = {https://spaceflight.com/pricing/}, } -@Article{Andrews2011, - author = {Andrews, Jason and Bonnema, Abe}, - title = {Ticket to space-how to get your small satellite from the cleanroom to orbit}, - year = {2011}, -} - -@Article{Barschke2020, - author = {Barschke, Merlin F}, - journal = {Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics}, - title = {III-1b: launch costs}, - year = {2020}, - pages = {533--543}, - publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, -} - -@InProceedings{Li2010, - author = {Li, Chao}, - booktitle = {Advanced Materials Research}, - title = {Anti-risk capability evaluation analysis on China instrument and meter industry}, - year = {2010}, - organization = {Trans Tech Publ}, - pages = {297--302}, - volume = {108}, -} - -@Article{Luo2020, - author = {Luo, S.and Choi, T.-M.}, - title = {E-Commerce Supply Chains with Considerations of Cyber-Security: Should Governments Play a Role?}, - year = {2020}, -} - @Article{Chen2020, author = {Chen, Xu and Yang, Huan and Wang, Xiaojun and Choi, Tsan-Ming}, journal = {Annals of Operations Research}, @@ -727,20 +696,13 @@ publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, } -@Misc{Association, +@TechReport{Space2022, author = {Satellite Industry Association}, - title = {State of the Satellite Industry Report}, + title = {The 2022 State of the Satellite Industry Report}, + year = {2022}, url = {https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/}, } -@Book{Space2022, - author = {Bryce Space and Technology, LLC}, - publisher = {Satellite Industry Association}, - title = {The 2022 State of the Satellite Industry Report}, - year = {2022}, - url = {https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/}, -} - @Article{Andrews2011, author = {Andrews, Jason and Bonnema, Abe}, title = {Ticket to space-how to get your small satellite from the cleanroom to orbit}, @@ -776,12 +738,12 @@ @Article{Follett1965, author = {Follett, S. F.}, - journal = {The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society}, - title = {Space Logistics Engineering. Edited by Kenneth Brown and Lawrence E. Ely. John Wiley & Sons, New York & London. 1962. 623 pp. Illustrated. 128s.}, + title = {Space Logistics Engineering}, + journal = {Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society}, year = {1965}, + volume = {69}, number = {649}, pages = {65--65}, - volume = {69}, doi = {10.1017/S0001924000060772}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, } @@ -957,33 +919,25 @@ } @Article{Balcik2019, - author = {Balcik, Burcu and Silvestri, Selene and Rancourt, Marie-Ève and Laporte, Gilbert}, - journal = {Production and Operations Management}, + author = {Balcik, Burcu and Silvestri, Selene and Rancourt, Marie-Eve and Laporte, Gilbert}, title = {Collaborative Prepositioning Network Design for Regional Disaster Response}, + journal = {Production and Operations Management}, year = {2019}, + volume = {28}, number = {10}, pages = {2431--2455}, - volume = {28}, - abstract = {We present a collaborative prepositioning strategy to strengthen the disaster preparedness of the Caribbean countries, which are frequently hit by hurricanes. Since different subsets of countries are affected in each hurricane season, significant risk pooling benefits can be achieved through horizontal collaboration, which involves joint ownership of prepositioned stocks. We worked with the intergovernmental Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Management Agency to design a collaborative prepositioning network in order to improve regional response capacity. We propose a novel insurance-based method to allocate the costs incurred to establish and operate the proposed collaborative prepositioning network among the partner countries. We present a stochastic programming model, which determines the locations and amounts of relief supplies to store, as well as the investment to be made by each country such that their premium is related to the cost associated with the expected value and the standard deviation of their demand. We develop a realistic data set for the network by processing real-world data. We conduct extensive numerical analyses and present insights that support practical implementation. We show that a significant reduction in total inventory can be achieved by applying collaborative prepositioning as opposed to a decentralized policy. Our results also demonstrate that reducing the replenishment lead time during the hurricane season and improving sea connectivity are essential to increasing the benefits resulting from the network.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13053}, - eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/poms.13053}, keywords = {prepositioning, hurricane preparedness, horizontal collaboration, risk pooling, insurance}, - url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/poms.13053}, } @Article{Gavish2004, - author = {Gavish, Bezalel and Kalvenes, Joakim}, - journal = {Production and Operations Management}, - title = {Dynamic Policies for Optimal LEO Satellite Launches}, - year = {2004}, - number = {4}, - pages = {386--397}, - volume = {13}, - abstract = {Low-earth orbit satellite (LEO) systems continue to provide mobile communication services. The issue of cost containment in system maintenance is a critical factor for continued operation. Satellite finite life-times follow a stochastic process, and since satellite replenishment cost is the most significant on-going cost of operation, finding optimal launch policies is of paramount importance. This paper formulates the satellite launch problem as a Markovian decision model that can be solved using dynamic programming. The policy space of the system is enormous and traditional action space dominance rules do not apply. In order to solve the dynamic program for realistic problem sizes, a novel procedure for limiting the state space considered in the dynamic program is developed. The viability of the proposed solution procedure is demonstrated in example problems using realistic system data. The policies derived by the proposed solution procedure are superior to those currently considered by LEO system operators, and result in substantial annual cost savings.}, - doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00225.x}, - eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00225.x}, - keywords = {scheduling and sequencing, replenishment, inventory management}, - url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00225.x}, + author = {Gavish, Bezalel and Kalvenes, Joakim}, + title = {Dynamic Policies for Optimal LEO Satellite Launches}, + journal = {Production and Operations Management}, + year = {2004}, + volume = {13}, + number = {4}, + pages = {386--397}, } @Article{Brandimarte2013, @@ -1020,11 +974,22 @@ url = {https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/launching-into-space-not-so-fast-insurers-balk-new-coverage-2021-09-01/}, } +@Article{2020-Babich-p223-240, + author = {Babich, Volodymyr and Hilary, Gilles}, + title = {OM Forum—Distributed ledgers and operations: What operations management researchers should know about blockchain technology}, + journal = {Manufacturing \& Service Operations Management}, + year = {2020}, + volume = {22}, + number = {2}, + pages = {223--240}, + publisher = {INFORMS}, +} + @Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;} @Comment{jabref-meta: saveActions:enabled; -all-text-fields[identity] date[normalize_date] -month[normalize_month] pages[normalize_page_numbers] +month[normalize_month] +all-text-fields[identity] ;} diff --git a/SAVM.bib.bak b/SAVM.bib.bak index 34669bf..b9fba1f 100644 --- a/SAVM.bib.bak +++ b/SAVM.bib.bak @@ -567,31 +567,6 @@ url = {https://spaceflight.com/pricing/}, } -@Article{Andrews2011, - author = {Andrews, Jason and Bonnema, Abe}, - title = {Ticket to space-how to get your small satellite from the cleanroom to orbit}, - year = {2011}, -} - -@Article{Barschke2020, - author = {Barschke, Merlin F}, - journal = {Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics}, - title = {III-1b: launch costs}, - year = {2020}, - pages = {533--543}, - publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, -} - -@InProceedings{Li2010, - author = {Li, Chao}, - booktitle = {Advanced Materials Research}, - title = {Anti-risk capability evaluation analysis on China instrument and meter industry}, - year = {2010}, - organization = {Trans Tech Publ}, - pages = {297--302}, - volume = {108}, -} - @Article{Luo2020, author = {Luo, S.and Choi, T.-M.}, title = {E-Commerce Supply Chains with Considerations of Cyber-Security: Should Governments Play a Role?}, @@ -727,20 +702,13 @@ publisher = {Wiley Online Library}, } -@Misc{Association, +@TechReport{Space2022, author = {Satellite Industry Association}, - title = {State of the Satellite Industry Report}, + title = {The 2022 State of the Satellite Industry Report}, + year = {2022}, url = {https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/}, } -@Book{Space2022, - author = {Bryce Space and Technology, LLC}, - publisher = {Satellite Industry Association}, - title = {The 2022 State of the Satellite Industry Report}, - year = {2022}, - url = {https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/}, -} - @Article{Andrews2011, author = {Andrews, Jason and Bonnema, Abe}, title = {Ticket to space-how to get your small satellite from the cleanroom to orbit}, @@ -776,12 +744,12 @@ @Article{Follett1965, author = {Follett, S. F.}, - journal = {The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society}, - title = {Space Logistics Engineering. Edited by Kenneth Brown and Lawrence E. Ely. John Wiley & Sons, New York & London. 1962. 623 pp. Illustrated. 128s.}, + title = {Space Logistics Engineering}, + journal = {Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society}, year = {1965}, + volume = {69}, number = {649}, pages = {65--65}, - volume = {69}, doi = {10.1017/S0001924000060772}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, } @@ -957,33 +925,25 @@ } @Article{Balcik2019, - author = {Balcik, Burcu and Silvestri, Selene and Rancourt, Marie-Ève and Laporte, Gilbert}, - journal = {Production and Operations Management}, + author = {Balcik, Burcu and Silvestri, Selene and Rancourt, Marie-Eve and Laporte, Gilbert}, title = {Collaborative Prepositioning Network Design for Regional Disaster Response}, + journal = {Production and Operations Management}, year = {2019}, + volume = {28}, number = {10}, pages = {2431--2455}, - volume = {28}, - abstract = {We present a collaborative prepositioning strategy to strengthen the disaster preparedness of the Caribbean countries, which are frequently hit by hurricanes. Since different subsets of countries are affected in each hurricane season, significant risk pooling benefits can be achieved through horizontal collaboration, which involves joint ownership of prepositioned stocks. We worked with the intergovernmental Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Management Agency to design a collaborative prepositioning network in order to improve regional response capacity. We propose a novel insurance-based method to allocate the costs incurred to establish and operate the proposed collaborative prepositioning network among the partner countries. We present a stochastic programming model, which determines the locations and amounts of relief supplies to store, as well as the investment to be made by each country such that their premium is related to the cost associated with the expected value and the standard deviation of their demand. We develop a realistic data set for the network by processing real-world data. We conduct extensive numerical analyses and present insights that support practical implementation. We show that a significant reduction in total inventory can be achieved by applying collaborative prepositioning as opposed to a decentralized policy. Our results also demonstrate that reducing the replenishment lead time during the hurricane season and improving sea connectivity are essential to increasing the benefits resulting from the network.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13053}, - eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/poms.13053}, keywords = {prepositioning, hurricane preparedness, horizontal collaboration, risk pooling, insurance}, - url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/poms.13053}, } @Article{Gavish2004, - author = {Gavish, Bezalel and Kalvenes, Joakim}, - journal = {Production and Operations Management}, - title = {Dynamic Policies for Optimal LEO Satellite Launches}, - year = {2004}, - number = {4}, - pages = {386--397}, - volume = {13}, - abstract = {Low-earth orbit satellite (LEO) systems continue to provide mobile communication services. The issue of cost containment in system maintenance is a critical factor for continued operation. Satellite finite life-times follow a stochastic process, and since satellite replenishment cost is the most significant on-going cost of operation, finding optimal launch policies is of paramount importance. This paper formulates the satellite launch problem as a Markovian decision model that can be solved using dynamic programming. The policy space of the system is enormous and traditional action space dominance rules do not apply. In order to solve the dynamic program for realistic problem sizes, a novel procedure for limiting the state space considered in the dynamic program is developed. The viability of the proposed solution procedure is demonstrated in example problems using realistic system data. The policies derived by the proposed solution procedure are superior to those currently considered by LEO system operators, and result in substantial annual cost savings.}, - doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00225.x}, - eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00225.x}, - keywords = {scheduling and sequencing, replenishment, inventory management}, - url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00225.x}, + author = {Gavish, Bezalel and Kalvenes, Joakim}, + title = {Dynamic Policies for Optimal LEO Satellite Launches}, + journal = {Production and Operations Management}, + year = {2004}, + volume = {13}, + number = {4}, + pages = {386--397}, } @Article{Brandimarte2013, @@ -1020,11 +980,22 @@ url = {https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/launching-into-space-not-so-fast-insurers-balk-new-coverage-2021-09-01/}, } +@Article{2020-Babich-p223-240, + author = {Babich, Volodymyr and Hilary, Gilles}, + title = {OM Forum—Distributed ledgers and operations: What operations management researchers should know about blockchain technology}, + journal = {Manufacturing \& Service Operations Management}, + year = {2020}, + volume = {22}, + number = {2}, + pages = {223--240}, + publisher = {INFORMS}, +} + @Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;} @Comment{jabref-meta: saveActions:enabled; 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+\bibcite{Wang2021a}{{51}{2021{c}}{{Wang et~al.}}{{Wang, Chen \& Zghari-Sales}}} +\bibcite{Wang2019}{{52}{2019}{{Wang et~al.}}{{Wang, Han \& Beynon-Davies}}} +\bibcite{Wooten2018}{{53}{2018}{{Wooten \& Tang}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Xiao2020}{{54}{2020}{{Xiao et~al.}}{{Xiao, Xiao, Liang, Chen \& Lu}}} +\bibcite{Xiao2018}{{55}{2018}{{Xiao \& Xu}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Xu2018a}{{56}{2018{a}}{{Xu et~al.}}{{Xu, Hsu \& Niu}}} +\bibcite{Xu2018}{{57}{2018{b}}{{Xu et~al.}}{{Xu, Chen, Jia, Brown, Gong \& Xu}}} +\bibcite{Yu2018}{{58}{2018}{{Yu et~al.}}{{Yu, Tang \& Shen}}} +\bibcite{Yu2021}{{59}{2021}{{Yu et~al.}}{{Yu, Wu \& Qu}}} +\bibcite{Zhang2018}{{60}{2018}{{Zhang \& Zhang}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Zhao2015}{{61}{2015}{{Zhao \& Huchzermeier}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Zheng2021}{{62}{2021}{{Zheng et~al.}}{{Zheng, Zhang, Chen \& Wu}}} +\gdef \@abspage@last{44} diff --git a/manuscript.bbl b/manuscript.bbl index d2715cb..83a6a46 100644 --- a/manuscript.bbl +++ b/manuscript.bbl @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -\begin{thebibliography}{65} +\begin{thebibliography}{62} \expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi \providecommand{\url}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \providecommand{\href}[2]{#2} @@ -31,15 +31,31 @@ (\bibinfo{year}{2011}). \newblock \bibinfo{title}{Ticket to space-how to get your small satellite from the cleanroom to orbit}, . +%Type = Techreport +\bibitem[{Association(2022)}]{Space2022} +\bibinfo{author}{Association, S.~I.} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}). +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{title}{The 2022 State of the Satellite Industry + Report}\/}. +\newblock \bibinfo{type}{Technical Report}. +\newblock \URLprefix + \url{https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/}. %Type = Article -\bibitem[{Babich \& Hilary(2020)}]{Babich2020} +\bibitem[{Babich \& Hilary(2020{\natexlab{a}})}]{Babich2020} \bibinfo{author}{Babich, V.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Hilary, G.} - (\bibinfo{year}{2020}). + (\bibinfo{year}{2020}{\natexlab{a}}). \newblock \bibinfo{title}{Om forum—distributed ledgers and operations: what operations management researchers should know about blockchain technology}. \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Manufacturing \& Service Operations Management}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{22}(2), \bibinfo{pages}{223--240}. %Type = Article +\bibitem[{Babich \& Hilary(2020{\natexlab{b}})}]{2020-Babich-p223-240} +\bibinfo{author}{Babich, V.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Hilary, G.} + (\bibinfo{year}{2020}{\natexlab{b}}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Om forum—distributed ledgers and operations: What + operations management researchers should know about blockchain technology}. +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Manufacturing \& Service Operations + Management}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{22}(2), \bibinfo{pages}{223--240}. +%Type = Article \bibitem[{Bai et~al.(2021)Bai, Hu, Gui, So \& Ma}]{Bai2021} \bibinfo{author}{Bai, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Hu, S.}, \bibinfo{author}{Gui, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{So, K.~C.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Ma, Z.-J.} @@ -49,13 +65,16 @@ \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Production and Operations Management}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{30}(8), \bibinfo{pages}{2689--2706}. %Type = Article -\bibitem[{Bailey(2020)}]{Bailey2020} -\bibinfo{author}{Bailey, M.} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Frequent and reliable launch for small satellites: - rocket lab’s rlectron launch vehicle and photon spacecraft}. -\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Handbook of Small Satellites: Technology, - Design, Manufacture, Applications, Economics and Regulation}\/}, (pp. - \bibinfo{pages}{453--468}). +\bibitem[{Balcik et~al.(2019)Balcik, Silvestri, Rancourt \& + Laporte}]{Balcik2019} +\bibinfo{author}{Balcik, B.}, \bibinfo{author}{Silvestri, S.}, + \bibinfo{author}{Rancourt, M.-E.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Laporte, G.} + (\bibinfo{year}{2019}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Collaborative prepositioning network design for + regional disaster response}. +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Production and Operations Management}\/}, + \bibinfo{volume}{28}(10), \bibinfo{pages}{2431--2455}. + \DOIprefix\doi{https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13053}. %Type = Article \bibitem[{Barschke(2020)}]{Barschke2020} \bibinfo{author}{Barschke, M.~F.} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}). @@ -82,15 +101,6 @@ \url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272696318300718}. \DOIprefix\doi{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2018.10.002}. %Type = Article -\bibitem[{Chen et~al.(2021)Chen, Gardner, Grogan \& Ho}]{Chen2021} -\bibinfo{author}{Chen, H.}, \bibinfo{author}{Gardner, B.~M.}, - \bibinfo{author}{Grogan, P.~T.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Ho, K.} - (\bibinfo{year}{2021}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Flexibility management for space logistics via - decision rules}. -\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets}\/}, - \bibinfo{volume}{58}(5), \bibinfo{pages}{1314--1324}. -%Type = Article \bibitem[{Chen et~al.(2020)Chen, Yang, Wang \& Choi}]{Chen2020} \bibinfo{author}{Chen, X.}, \bibinfo{author}{Yang, H.}, \bibinfo{author}{Wang, X.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Choi, T.-M.} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}). @@ -131,26 +141,31 @@ \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{International Journal of Production Economics}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{233}, \bibinfo{pages}{107995}. %Type = Inproceedings -\bibitem[{Dewicki et~al.()Dewicki, Simpson~II, St~Thomas \& O'Brien}]{Dewicki} -\bibinfo{author}{Dewicki, S.}, \bibinfo{author}{Simpson~II, R.}, - \bibinfo{author}{St~Thomas, R.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{O'Brien, A.} (). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{The emerging role of supply chain management in - commercial space operations}. -\newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{SpaceOps 2010 Conference Delivering on - the Dream Hosted by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and Organized by - AIAA}\/} (p. \bibinfo{pages}{1939}). -%Type = Inproceedings -\bibitem[{Donelli et~al.(2021)Donelli, Ciampa, Nagel, Lemos, Mello, Cuco \& - van~der Laan}]{Donelli2021} -\bibinfo{author}{Donelli, G.}, \bibinfo{author}{Ciampa, P.~D.}, - \bibinfo{author}{Nagel, B.}, \bibinfo{author}{Lemos, G.}, - \bibinfo{author}{Mello, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Cuco, A. P.~C.}, \& - \bibinfo{author}{van~der Laan, T.} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{A model-based approach to trade-space evaluation - coupling design-manufacturing--supply chain in the early stages of aircraft - development}. -\newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM}\/} (p. - \bibinfo{pages}{3057}). +\bibitem[{Clark et~al.(2020)Clark, Tung, Clark \& Zapanta}]{Clark2020} +\bibinfo{author}{Clark, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{Tung, Y.-C.}, + \bibinfo{author}{Clark, M.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Zapanta, L.} + (\bibinfo{year}{2020}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{A blockchain-based reputation system for small + satellite relay networks}. +\newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference}\/} (pp. + \bibinfo{pages}{1--8}). +\newblock \DOIprefix\doi{10.1109/AERO47225.2020.9172516}. +%Type = Article +\bibitem[{Dong et~al.(2018)Dong, Tang \& Tomlin}]{Dong2018} +\bibinfo{author}{Dong, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{Tang, S.~Y.}, \& + \bibinfo{author}{Tomlin, B.} (\bibinfo{year}{2018}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Production chain disruptions: Inventory, + preparedness, and insurance}. +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Production and Operations Management}\/}, + \bibinfo{volume}{27}(7), \bibinfo{pages}{1251--1270}. +%Type = Article +\bibitem[{Dong \& Tomlin(2012)}]{Dong2012} +\bibinfo{author}{Dong, L.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Tomlin, B.} + (\bibinfo{year}{2012}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Managing disruption risk: The interplay between + operations and insurance}. +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Management Science}\/}, + \bibinfo{volume}{58}(10), \bibinfo{pages}{1898--1915}. %Type = Article \bibitem[{Fan et~al.(2020)Fan, Wu \& Cao}]{Fan2020} \bibinfo{author}{Fan, Z.-P.}, \bibinfo{author}{Wu, X.-Y.}, \& @@ -160,25 +175,6 @@ \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Annals of Operations Research}\/}, (pp. \bibinfo{pages}{1--24}). %Type = Article -\bibitem[{Follett(1965)}]{Follett1965} -\bibinfo{author}{Follett, S.~F.} (\bibinfo{year}{1965}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Space logistics engineering. edited by kenneth brown - and lawrence e. ely. john wiley & sons, new york & london. 1962. 623 - pp. illustrated. 128s.} -\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical - Society}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{69}(649), \bibinfo{pages}{65--65}. - \DOIprefix\doi{10.1017/S0001924000060772}. -%Type = Incollection -\bibitem[{Galluzzi et~al.(2006)Galluzzi, Zapata, de~Weck \& - Steele}]{Galluzzi2006} -\bibinfo{author}{Galluzzi, M.}, \bibinfo{author}{Zapata, E.}, - \bibinfo{author}{de~Weck, O.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Steele, M.} - (\bibinfo{year}{2006}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Foundations of supply chain management for space - application}. -\newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{Space 2006}\/} (p. - \bibinfo{pages}{7234}). -%Type = Article \bibitem[{Gouda et~al.(2016)Gouda, Jonnalagedda \& Saranga}]{Gouda2016} \bibinfo{author}{Gouda, S.~K.}, \bibinfo{author}{Jonnalagedda, S.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Saranga, H.} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}). @@ -193,14 +189,6 @@ \newblock \bibinfo{title}{Estimating satellite insurance liabilities}. \newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{Casualty Actuarial Society}\/} (pp. \bibinfo{pages}{47--84}). -%Type = Incollection -\bibitem[{Gralla et~al.(2006)Gralla, Shull \& De~Weck}]{Gralla2006} -\bibinfo{author}{Gralla, E.}, \bibinfo{author}{Shull, S.}, \& - \bibinfo{author}{De~Weck, O.} (\bibinfo{year}{2006}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{A modeling framework for interplanetary supply - chains}. -\newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{Space 2006}\/} (p. - \bibinfo{pages}{7229}). %Type = Article \bibitem[{Guo et~al.(2019)Guo, He \& Gen}]{Guo2019} \bibinfo{author}{Guo, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{He, L.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Gen, @@ -210,14 +198,6 @@ \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Computers \& Industrial Engineering}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{128}, \bibinfo{pages}{886--893}. %Type = Article -\bibitem[{Guo et~al.(2021)Guo, Yang \& Jiang}]{Guo2021} -\bibinfo{author}{Guo, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Yang, F.}, \& - \bibinfo{author}{Jiang, B.} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Analysis of the development of world space from the - perspective of industrial chain}. -\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{China Aerospace}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{09}, - \bibinfo{pages}{49--53}. -%Type = Article \bibitem[{Heckmann et~al.(2015)Heckmann, Comes \& Nickel}]{Heckmann2015} \bibinfo{author}{Heckmann, I.}, \bibinfo{author}{Comes, T.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Nickel, S.} (\bibinfo{year}{2015}). @@ -240,6 +220,14 @@ \newblock \bibinfo{title}{Agricultural partnership for dairy farming}. \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Production and Operations Management}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{28}(12), \bibinfo{pages}{3042--3059}. +%Type = Misc +\bibitem[{Hussain \& Cohn(2021)}]{Hussain2021} +\bibinfo{author}{Hussain, N.~Z.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Cohn, C.} + (\bibinfo{year}{2021}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Launching into space? not so fast. insurers balk at + new coverage}. +\newblock \URLprefix + \url{https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/launching-into-space-not-so-fast-insurers-balk-new-coverage-2021-09-01/}. %Type = Article \bibitem[{Hyland-Wood et~al.(2020)Hyland-Wood, Robinson, Johnson, Hare, Henderson, Lewicki \& Saltini}]{HylandWood2020} @@ -284,6 +272,14 @@ \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{International Journal of Production Economics}\/}, (p. \bibinfo{pages}{108431}). %Type = Article +\bibitem[{Li et~al.(2021)Li, Wang \& Zhang}]{Li2021} +\bibinfo{author}{Li, M.}, \bibinfo{author}{Wang, L.}, \& + \bibinfo{author}{Zhang, Y.} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{A framework for rocket and satellite launch + information management systems based on blockchain technology}. +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Enterprise Information Systems}\/}, + \bibinfo{volume}{15}(8), \bibinfo{pages}{1092--1106}. +%Type = Article \bibitem[{Lin et~al.(2010)Lin, Cai \& Xu}]{Lin2010} \bibinfo{author}{Lin, Z.}, \bibinfo{author}{Cai, C.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Xu, B.} (\bibinfo{year}{2010}). @@ -301,17 +297,13 @@ \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Journal of the Operational Research Society}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{59}(5), \bibinfo{pages}{674--684}. %Type = Article -\bibitem[{Luo(2020)}]{Luo2020} -\bibinfo{author}{Luo, T.-M., S.and~Choi} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}). +\bibitem[{Luo \& Choi(2022)}]{Luo2022} +\bibinfo{author}{Luo, S.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Choi, T.~M.} + (\bibinfo{year}{2022}). \newblock \bibinfo{title}{E-commerce supply chains with considerations of - cyber-security: Should governments play a role?}, . -%Type = Misc -\bibitem[{MIT()}]{MIT} -\bibinfo{author}{MIT} (). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Interplanetary supply chain management and logistics - architectures (ipscm \& la) project}. -\newblock \bibinfo{note}{\url{http://strategic.mit.edu/spacelogistics/} - Accessed March 19, 2007}. + cyber-security: Should governments play a role?} +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Production and Operations Management}\/}, + \bibinfo{volume}{31}. %Type = Article \bibitem[{Moise \& Chopping(2018)}]{Moise2018} \bibinfo{author}{Moise, I.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Chopping, D.} @@ -348,6 +340,16 @@ \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Production and Operations Management}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{30}(4), \bibinfo{pages}{864--882}. %Type = Article +\bibitem[{Qin et~al.(2020)Qin, Shao \& Jiang}]{Qin2020} +\bibinfo{author}{Qin, X.}, \bibinfo{author}{Shao, L.}, \& + \bibinfo{author}{Jiang, Z.-Z.} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}). +\newblock \bibinfo{title}{{Contract design for equipment after-sales service + with business interruption insurance}}. +\newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{European Journal of Operational Research}\/}, + \bibinfo{volume}{284}(1), \bibinfo{pages}{176--187}. \URLprefix + \url{https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ejores/v284y2020i1p176-187.html}. + \DOIprefix\doi{10.1016/j.ejor.2019.12.02}. +%Type = Article \bibitem[{Queiroz et~al.(2019)Queiroz, Telles \& Bonilla}]{Queiroz2019} \bibinfo{author}{Queiroz, M.~M.}, \bibinfo{author}{Telles, R.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Bonilla, S.~H.} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}). @@ -355,15 +357,6 @@ systematic review of the literature}. \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Supply Chain Management: An International Journal}\/}, . -%Type = Inproceedings -\bibitem[{Raghunath \& Kang(2021)}]{Raghunath2021} -\bibinfo{author}{Raghunath, K.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Kang, J.~S.} - (\bibinfo{year}{2021}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{An exploration of the small satellite value chain and - the future of space access}. -\newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the AIAA/USU Conference on - Small Satellites: Mission Operations \& Autonomy, Logan, UT, USA}\/} (pp. - \bibinfo{pages}{7--12}). %Type = Article \bibitem[{Shen et~al.(2021)Shen, Dong \& Minner}]{Shen2021} \bibinfo{author}{Shen, B.}, \bibinfo{author}{Dong, C.}, \& @@ -379,15 +372,6 @@ management}. \newblock {\it \bibinfo{journal}{Production and operations management}\/}, \bibinfo{volume}{21}(1), \bibinfo{pages}{1--13}. -%Type = Book -\bibitem[{Space \& Technology(2022)}]{Space2022} -\bibinfo{author}{Space, B.}, \& \bibinfo{author}{Technology, L.} - (\bibinfo{year}{2022}). -\newblock {\it \bibinfo{title}{The 2022 State of the Satellite Industry - Report}\/}. -\newblock \bibinfo{publisher}{Satellite Industry Association}. -\newblock \URLprefix - \url{https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/}. %Type = Article \bibitem[{Suchodolski(2018)}]{Suchodolski2018} \bibinfo{author}{Suchodolski, J.} (\bibinfo{year}{2018}). @@ -411,16 +395,6 @@ \newblock \bibinfo{note}{\url{https://www.space.com/23744-spacex-rocket-launches-landmark-commercial-satellite.html} Accessed December 4, 2013}. -%Type = Inproceedings -\bibitem[{Taylor et~al.(2006)Taylor, Song, Klabjan, deWeck \& - Simchi-Levi}]{Taylor2006} -\bibinfo{author}{Taylor, C.}, \bibinfo{author}{Song, M.}, - \bibinfo{author}{Klabjan, D.}, \bibinfo{author}{deWeck, O.}, \& - \bibinfo{author}{Simchi-Levi, D.} (\bibinfo{year}{2006}). -\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Modeling interplanetary logistics: a mathematical - model for mission planning}. -\newblock In {\it \bibinfo{booktitle}{SpaceOps 2006 Conference}\/} (p. - \bibinfo{pages}{5735}). %Type = Article \bibitem[{Wang et~al.(2021{\natexlab{a}})Wang, Zhao \& Huchzermeier}]{Wang2021b} diff --git a/manuscript.blg b/manuscript.blg index bb40a5b..6cc0ffc 100644 --- a/manuscript.blg +++ b/manuscript.blg @@ -1,59 +1,51 @@ -This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (TeX Live 2020) +This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (TeX Live 2021/W32TeX) Capacity: max_strings=200000, hash_size=200000, hash_prime=170003 The top-level auxiliary file: manuscript.aux The style file: model5-names-with-volume-number.bst Database file #1: SAVM.bib -Repeated entry---line 744 of file SAVM.bib - : @article{Andrews2011 - 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[] -[17] [18] -Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 645--679 -[][] - [] - -[19] +[13] +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for TS1+txr on input line 5 +82. + (c:/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/ts1txr.fd +File: ts1txr.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 +) [14] + File: sequences_g.pdf Graphic file (type pdf) - [20] -Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 744--775 -[][] +Package pdftex.def Info: sequences_g.pdf used on input line 605. +(pdftex.def) Requested size: 468.0pt x 156.06741pt. + [15] +[16 <./sequences_g.pdf>] [17] +Overfull \hbox (3.68076pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 708--720 + [][] [] -[21] -Overfull \hbox (8.51276pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 821--833 +[18] + +File: blockchain.pdf Graphic file (type pdf) + +Package pdftex.def Info: blockchain.pdf used on input line 762. +(pdftex.def) Requested size: 327.59857pt x 187.76552pt. + [19] [20 <./blockchain.pdf>] [21] +Overfull \hbox (40.99605pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 920--935 [][] [] [22] [23] -File: blockchain.pdf Graphic file (type pdf) - - [24] [25] [26] - -LaTeX Warning: Command \c invalid in math mode on input line 997. - -Missing character: There is no ̧ in font txmi! - -Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 980--1011 -[][] - [] - -[27] -Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 1037--1071 -[][] - [] - -[28] -Overfull \hbox (76.58804pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1142--1159 +Overfull \hbox (24.48619pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1006--1037 [][] [] -[29] [30] -Overfull \hbox (13.88005pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1219--1219 -[]\TU/txr/m/it/12 Model BG: Blockchain-embedded satellite launch supply chain w -ith government-subsidized - [] - - -Overfull \hbox (45.86021pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1244--1275 -[][] - [] - -[31] [32] +[24] [25] [26] + File: sw1.pdf Graphic file (type pdf) +Package pdftex.def Info: sw1.pdf used on input line 1158. +(pdftex.def) Requested size: 187.19714pt x 112.1531pt. + File: sw2.pdf Graphic file (type pdf) - [33] -Overfull \hbox (79.0361pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1402--1419 +Package pdftex.def Info: sw2.pdf used on input line 1166. +(pdftex.def) Requested size: 187.19714pt x 113.26793pt. + [27] +Overfull \hbox (75.66011pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1216--1233 [][] [] -Overfull \hbox (28.22748pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1474--1491 +Overfull \hbox (24.85149pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1288--1305 [][] [] +[28 <./sw1.pdf> <./sw2.pdf>] [29] +Overfull \hbox (21.961pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1349--1380 +[][] + [] + + +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 1380--1384 +[]\OT1/txr/m/n/8 To avoid com-pli-cated writ-ing, we de-fine $\OML/txmi/m/it/8 +^^Q \OT1/txr/m/n/8 = (1 \OMS/txsy/m/n/8 ^^@ \OML/txmi/m/it/8 \OT1/txr/m/n/8 )( +1 + \OML/txmi/m/it/8 b\OT1/txr/m/n/8 )[] + 4(1 \OMS/txsy/m/n/8 ^^@ \OML/txmi/m/ +it/8 \OT1/txr/m/n/8 )\OML/txmi/m/it/8 ^^R \OMS/txsy/m/n/8 ^^@ \OT1/txr/m/n/8 8 +\OML/txmi/m/it/8 k[]$\OT1/txr/m/n/8 , $\OML/txmi/m/it/8 ^^V \OT1/txr/m/n/8 = + [] + +[30] [31] [32] +Overfull \hbox (105.92407pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1488--1519 +[][] + [] + + +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 1519--1523 +[]\OT1/txr/m/n/8 To avoid com-pli-cated writ-ing, we de-fine $\OML/txmi/m/it/8 +^^U \OT1/txr/m/n/8 = (1 \OMS/txsy/m/n/8 ^^@ \OML/txmi/m/it/8 \OT1/txr/m/n/8 )( +1 + \OML/txmi/m/it/8 b\OT1/txr/m/n/8 )[] + 4(1 \OMS/txsy/m/n/8 ^^@ \OML/txmi/m/ +it/8 \OT1/txr/m/n/8 )\OML/txmi/m/it/8 ^^R \OMS/txsy/m/n/8 ^^@ \OT1/txr/m/n/8 8 +\OML/txmi/m/it/8 k[]$\OT1/txr/m/n/8 , $\OML/txmi/m/it/8 ^^V \OT1/txr/m/n/8 = + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (27.9902pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1529--1530 +[]\OT1/txr/m/it/12 Under Model BG-c, the satel-lite launch sup-ply chain adopts + the BCT with government- + [] + +[33] +Overfull \hbox (27.9902pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1553--1554 +[]\OT1/txr/m/it/12 Under Model BG-c, the satel-lite launch sup-ply chain adopts + the BCT with government- + [] + [34] [35] -Overfull \hbox (31.505pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1535--1566 -[][] - [] - -[36] [37] [38] -Overfull \hbox (115.46808pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1674--1705 -[][] - [] - -[39] [40] [41] -Overfull \hbox (21.96375pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1850--1875 +Overfull \hbox (10.33972pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1664--1689 [][] [] -[42] [43] [44] [45] (./manuscript.bbl [46] [47] -! Misplaced alignment tab character &. - ...wn and lawrence e. ely. john wiley & - amp; sons, new york & ... -l.167 pp. illustrated. 128s.} - -I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark -here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is -simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace -up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, -you're probably due for more error messages, and you -might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. +[36] [37] [38] [39] (./manuscript.bbl [40] +Underfull \hbox (badness 1303) in paragraph at lines 96--104 +[]\OT1/txr/m/n/10 Brusset, X., & Bertrand, J.-L. (2018). Hedg-ing weather risk + and co-or-di-nat-ing sup-ply chains. \OT1/txr/m/it/10 Jour-nal + [] -! Misplaced alignment tab character &. - ...y. john wiley & sons, new york & - amp; london. 1962. 623 pp.... -l.167 pp. illustrated. 128s.} - -I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark -here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is -simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace -up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, -you're probably due for more error messages, and you -might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. +[41] +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 225--233 +[]\OT1/txr/m/n/10 Hussain, N. Z., & Cohn, C. (2021). Launch-ing into space? no +t so fast. in-sur- + [] -[48] [49] [50]) -Package natbib Warning: There were undefined citations. +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 225--233 +\OT1/txr/m/n/10 ers balk at new cov-er-age. URL: $\OT1/cmtt/m/n/10 https : / / + www . reuters . com / lifestyle / science / + [] + +Underfull \hbox (badness 3168) in paragraph at lines 329--335 +[]\OT1/txr/m/n/10 OECD (2014). \OT1/txr/m/it/10 The space econ-omy at a glance + 2014\OT1/txr/m/n/10 . URL: $\OT1/cmtt/m/n/10 https : / / www . oecd-[]ilibrar +y . org / + [] + + +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 329--335 +\OT1/cmtt/m/n/10 content / publication / 9789264217294-[]en$\OT1/txr/m/n/10 . d +oi:$\OT1/cmtt/m/n/10 https : / / doi . org / https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1787 +/ + [] + +[42] +Underfull \hbox (badness 6808) in paragraph at lines 392--400 +\OT1/cmtt/m/n/10 space . com / 23744-[]spacex-[]rocket-[]launches-[]landmark-[] +commercial-[]satellite . html$ \OT1/txr/m/n/10 Ac-cessed De- + [] + +[43]) \Changes@OutFile=\write5 \openout5 = `manuscript.soc'. \tf@loc=\write6 \openout6 = `manuscript.loc'. -[51] (./manuscript.aux) - -LaTeX Font Warning: Some font shapes were not available, defaults substituted. - + [44] (./manuscript.aux) LaTeX Warning: There were multiply-defined labels. ) Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: - 17726 strings out of 479418 - 331759 string characters out of 5884584 - 584090 words of memory out of 5000000 - 34868 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 - 552174 words of font info for 91 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 - 1348 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 - 76i,13n,87p,1148b,558s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s + 19218 strings out of 478994 + 355240 string characters out of 5862207 + 663221 words of memory out of 5000000 + 36262 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 445044 words of font info for 125 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 117i,15n,116p,1149b,569s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +{c:/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/base/8r.enc} +Output written on manuscript.pdf (44 pages, 1155281 bytes). +PDF statistics: + 439 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607) + 305 compressed objects within 4 object streams + 0 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000) + 134 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000) -Output written on manuscript.pdf (51 pages). diff --git a/manuscript.pdf b/manuscript.pdf index ee79e50..822c26f 100644 Binary files a/manuscript.pdf and b/manuscript.pdf differ diff --git a/manuscript.synctex.gz b/manuscript.synctex.gz index 256902c..86d1990 100644 Binary files a/manuscript.synctex.gz and b/manuscript.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/manuscript.tex b/manuscript.tex index 9911296..d8263dd 100644 --- a/manuscript.tex +++ b/manuscript.tex @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ \begin{frontmatter} - \title{How to empower commercial satellite launch supply chain: Insurance, government subsidy or blockchain adoption?} + \title{How to empower commercial satellite supply chain: Insurance, government subsidy or blockchain adoption?} \author[SEMUCAS]{Jichang Dong}\ead{jcdonglc@ucas.ac.cn} \author[SEMUCAS,SDCUCAS,BDCAS]{Yihan Jing}\ead{jingyihan18@mails.ucas.ac.cn} @@ -127,11 +127,11 @@ \cortext[Cor]{Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 88250000; fax: +86 10 88250000.} \begin{abstract} - The commercial launch industry is booming with possible launch failures, which can cause enormous loss for both vehicle manufacturer and satellite operator. + The commercial satellite industry is booming with possible launch failures, which can cause enormous loss for both vehicle manufacturer and satellite operator. To hedge such risks and reduce potential costs, they often buy launch insurance from financial companies, and/or seek possible subsidy from government-backed schemes. Recently, the innovative blockchain technology has been adopted by satellite launch supply chains to enhance data sharing, improve workflow efficiency, and thus reduce launch risks. - However, very little research has been done on how these players interact, make decisions, and how the satellite launch supply chain (SLSC) can be empowered by insurance, government subsidy or blockchain adoption. - In this paper, we propose several Stackelberg games to examine the SLSC cases with launch insurance (Model I), with insurance \& government subsidies (Model IG), with blockchain-embedded insurance (Model B), and with blockchain-embedded insurance \& government subsidies (Model BG). + However, very little research has been done on how these players interact, make decisions, and how the satellite supply chain (SSC) can be empowered by insurance, government subsidy or blockchain adoption. + In this paper, we propose several Stackelberg games to examine the SSC cases with launch insurance (Model I), with insurance \& government subsidies (Model IG), with blockchain-embedded insurance (Model B), and with blockchain-embedded insurance \& government subsidies (Model BG). We investigate the optimal launch price, retail price, and the effort (for improving launch success probability) expressions by deriving models. Furthermore, we explore the conditions for optimal allocation of government subsidies and the cost thresholds for adopting blockchain technology by analyzing the equilibrium outcomes. We find that if the government wants to form a virtuous circle and optimize the allocation of funds, it should subsidize satellite operators that use cost-effective vehicles for launch activities rather than providing unconditional subsidies. @@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ \subsection{Background} Man-made satellites can collect extensive and valuable data which can be used in archaeology, cartography, environmental monitoring, meteorology, and reconnaissance applications. Space is no longer confined to government and military agencies like NASA, but open to private companies since 1980s, thanks to the changes of space laws and regulatory regime \citep{OECD2014}. - On Dec.3th 2013, the SES-8 satellite was successfully delivered by a Falcon 9 launch vehicle made by SpaceX, a private company founded in 2002 shaking up the competitive satellite launch industry by offering lower cost launches than their competitors \citep{spacex}. - This successful launch significantly promotes the global space industry, the total revenue of which reaches \$386 billion by 2021, according to the Satellite Industry Association \citep{Space2022}. + On Dec.3th 2013, the SES-8 satellite was successfully delivered by a Falcon 9 launch vehicle made by SpaceX, a private company founded in 2002 offering lower cost launches than their competitors \citep{spacex}. + This successful launch significantly promotes the global satellite industry, the total revenue of which reaches \$386 billion by 2021 \citep{Space2022}. The commercial satellite industry put a record 1,713 commercial satellites into orbit for the fourth consecutive year, an increase of more than 40\% compared to 2020. - Behind such vigorous development, the launch failure risk can not ignored by the companies in satellite launch supply chain (SLSC). + Behind such vigorous development, the launch failure risk can not ignored by the companies in satellite launch supply chain (SSC). Once the launch fails, the loss for both vehicle manufacturer and satellite operator is enormous. To hedge this risk, there are three solutions in practice. @@ -176,25 +176,25 @@ With more and more satellite operators realizing the importance of launch insurance, nearly half of satellite launches are insured \citep{Hussain2021}. Second, the government subsidized. - Since the commercial industry promotes the development of high technologies, some governments have introduced policies to subsidize the SLSC. + Since the commercial industry promotes the development of high technologies, some governments have introduced policies to subsidize the SSC. For example, the \textit{Beijing Bureau of Economy and Information Technology} subsidized commercial space enterprises that engage in the production and manufacture of vehicles and satellites, and encouraged them to establish headquarters, sales and operation in Beijing. In addition, the Unites States not only provided subsidy for launch liability insurance but also awarded the commercial companies directly. Third, new technology helped. - Blockchain, a disruptive technology that facilitates data sharing and trust building, has been adopted by the SLSC companies, such as \textit{SpaceChain}, \textit{IBM} and \textit{Cloud Constellation Corporation}. + Blockchain, a disruptive technology that facilitates data sharing and trust building, has been adopted by the SSC companies, such as \textit{SpaceChain}, \textit{IBM} and \textit{Cloud Constellation Corporation}. It is used to share the critical data (e.g., contracts, test results) among trusted parties to make the workflow (e.g., approvals, auditing) more efficient and visible, so that the launch failure risk can be reduced as much as possible \citep{Zheng2021}. - Each solution above introduces new entity (insurance company, government, and blockchain service provider) with different interest into the SLSC. - Hence, both the private companies and government are keen to understand the impacts of different solutions on SLSC performance. + Each solution above introduces new entity (insurance company, government, and blockchain service provider) with different interest into the SSC. + Hence, both the private companies and government are keen to understand the impacts of different solutions on SSC performance. \subsection{Research questions and key findings} This paper aims to study the following research questions (RQ): - RQ1. How to analytically model the interactions among key entities in SLSC, namely vehicle manufacturer (VM), satellite operator (SO) and insurance company (IC)? What is the optimal decision for each entity? + RQ1. How to analytically model the interactions among key entities in SSC, namely vehicle manufacturer (VM), satellite operator (SO) and insurance company (IC)? What is the optimal decision for each entity? - RQ2. How to analyze the impact of government subsidy on the optimal decisions in SLSC? + RQ2. How to analyze the impact of government subsidy on the optimal decisions in SSC? - RQ3. Is blockchain worth adopting to the SLSC? How to understand its impacts on the optimal decisions? + RQ3. Is blockchain worth adopting to the SSC? How to understand its impacts on the optimal decisions? To investigate RQ1, we propose a benchmark model with three entities, called Model I. This model is extended as Model IG to study RQ2 by considering government subsidy. @@ -204,15 +204,22 @@ \begin{enumerate} [(1)] \item Government subsidies can be used to incentivize SO to pay higher launch prices, so that the VM have the motivation to increase the probability of successful launches, and the overall social welfare (total profit of all players) also increases. \item The impacts caused by blockchain technology and government subsidy are similar; the difference is threefold: for SO, blockchain adoption (if the cost is low) increases its data retail price and profit; for VM, its profit depends on the cost of blockchain adoption and vehicle manufacturing; for satellite data customer, its surplus increases. - \item @@@ try to add another finding/result. No insurance-related results? +% \item @@@ try to add another finding/result. No insurance-related results? \end{enumerate} - @@@carefully enumerate your contributions +% @@@carefully enumerate your contributions + \subsection{Contributions} + Th contributions of this paper are summarized as follows: + (1) Inspired by the study on satellite industry operation management by \cite{Wooten2018}, we investigate SSC in a manner of game theory to study how financial factors, government support and technology advance affect the operations of SSC entities. + (2) Different from the well-known supply chain financial models such as the one proposed by \cite{Tang2018}, we also consider the role of government subsidies, as well as disruptive FinTechs such as blockchain. + (3) Different from the existing blockchain-related supply chain studies, our model is one of the first attempts to investigate the SSC by combining real-world practices in satellite industry \citep{Altaf2019} and recent blockchain applications \citep{Luo2022}. + % (4) In terms of modeling, we have innovatively constructed a three-stage Stackelberg game model which characterizes the high-risk, high-loss nature of SSC. + Therefore, we suggest that this paper not only complements the literature, but also provides managerial insights for practitioners in satellite industry.\par The rest of this paper is organized as follows. \refsec{sec:review} reviews four related research streams. \refsec{sec:models} establishes the benchmark case with launch insurance (Model I), and introduces government subsidies into an extended case (Model IG). - \refsec{sec:blockchain} examines the impact of blockchain adoption in the SLSC under two scenarios, one with launch insurance (Model B) and one with government-subsidized launch insurance (Model GB). + \refsec{sec:blockchain} examines the impact of blockchain adoption in the SSC under two scenarios, one with launch insurance (Model B) and one with government-subsidized launch insurance (Model GB). \refsec{sec:extensions} relaxes some assumptions to generate new findings. \refsec{sec:conclusions} concludes this paper and suggests potential topics for future research. @@ -246,38 +253,38 @@ %However, we also combine the blockchain technology with supply chain management which is timely and important. - \subsection{Space supply chain management} - - There is a large body of literature dealing with the supply chain. - However, only a few of them applies to the space industry. - According to the available literature, the development of space supply chain is broadly divided into two phases. - - (1) Around 1950's, scholars began to pay attention to the space logistics which mainly serving the supply and re-supply during the space exploration. - \cite{Braun1954} mentioned the the necessity of space logistics in the Mars project and he also pointed out that the logistics support, which is a main contributor to success or failure, is an important part of the project. - \cite{Follett1965} gave the definition of the space logistics as a transportation of person and material from earth to outer places in space which involving the supply and re-supply of the exploration, and the maintenance of vehicles and bases. - During this stage, the main used logistics supply models are Backpack Model and Scheduled Re-supply Model. - To meet the requirements of the feasibility, reliability, affordability and maintenance of space explorations, \cite{Antol1999} combined the advantages of the above two models and proposed the establishment of the International Space Station as a free flyer servicing node. - \cite{Cuplin2000} investigated the ability of satellite serving to do on-orbit considering the design objectives of "better, faster, cheaper". - \cite{Gavish2004} Scholars exploit a Markov decision model solved by dynamic programming methods to find the optimal policy for satellite launches, thus achieving cost savings for Low-earth orbit satellite system operators. - - (2) Until 2006, the concept of space supply chain \cite{Fayez2006} was put forward, marking a new stage in the researching development. - In this stage, scholars not only considered the materials delivering narrowly, but also integrated the data, information, crew, knowledge and capital flow into the space supply chain \citep{Galluzzi2006}, which is more expansively. - Numerous academic conferences on the topic of space supply chain operations were held during that year, thus, 2006 was also called The Year of Space Logistics by The International Society of Logistics. - In this stage, a number of research institutions represented by NASA, MIT and Jet Propulsion Laboratory have first conducted systematic and comprehensive research on space logistics which have been in the leading position in the world \citep{Cheng2009}. - To visually simulate the flow of space vehicles and supplies through the interplanetary logistics network, MIT researchers developed the SpaceNet which is a simulation and optimization software \citep{Lee2008}. - Based on NASA project practices, \cite{Evans2006} discussed the impact of traditional supply chain models on the efficiency of space supply chain operations, such as such as SCOR Model, Lean – Six Sigma, and Capability Maturity Model. - Besides, to optimize the transfer of supplies in space, \cite{Taylor2006} developed a heuristic optimization algorithm by extending the terrestrial logistics model and incorporate the astrodynamic relationships. - \cite{Brandimarte2013} constructed a MILP model subject to resource constraints. Specifically, the paper investigates the scheduling of different launchers and different mission profiles to schedule Low-earth orbit satellite. - \cite{Zhang2015} developed a multi-objective mixed integer planning model for the collaborative optimization of multi-center multi-satellite launch missions based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II. In this paper, they focus on the optimization objectives of minimum launch cost and minimum launch failure probability to solve the collaborative programming problem for a large amount of satellite launch missions. - \cite{Chen2021} develops a flexibility management framework for space logistics mission planning under uncertainty through decision rules and multistage stochastic programming. - - In addition to articles focusing on operations research, the business issues in space supply chain operation are also worthy of study with the commercial space entities emerging \cite{Dewicki2010}. - Therefore, a number of scholars have recently conducted studies around operation management which are more relevant to our paper. - \cite{Tang2014} provided a framework to balance cost, time and risk in the aircraft supply chain. - \cite{Wooten2018} examined the space industry's operation management, which involves manufacturing operations, supply chain management, and sustainable operations. Besides, they also outlined the challenges and essential questions related to stakeholders. - \cite{Raghunath2021} discussed the challenges that commercial space operation faces from a business perspective. - Furthermore, \cite{Guo2021} comprehensively analyzed the global aerospace industry's current situation and future development from the upstream supply chain, midstream production chain, and downstream application chain. - In addition, \cite{Donelli2021} considered the profitability and efficiency during the aircraft manufacturing and supply chain. The paper proposed a model-based approach to optimal the multiple-choice. +% \subsection{Space supply chain management} +% +% There is a large body of literature dealing with the supply chain. +% However, only a few of them applies to the space industry. +% According to the available literature, the development of space supply chain is broadly divided into two phases. +% +% (1) Around 1950's, scholars began to pay attention to the space logistics which mainly serving the supply and re-supply during the space exploration. +% \cite{Braun1954} mentioned the the necessity of space logistics in the Mars project and he also pointed out that the logistics support, which is a main contributor to success or failure, is an important part of the project. +% \cite{Follett1965} gave the definition of the space logistics as a transportation of person and material from earth to outer places in space which involving the supply and re-supply of the exploration, and the maintenance of vehicles and bases. +% During this stage, the main used logistics supply models are Backpack Model and Scheduled Re-supply Model. +% To meet the requirements of the feasibility, reliability, affordability and maintenance of space explorations, \cite{Antol1999} combined the advantages of the above two models and proposed the establishment of the International Space Station as a free flyer servicing node. +% \cite{Cuplin2000} investigated the ability of satellite serving to do on-orbit considering the design objectives of "better, faster, cheaper". +% \cite{Gavish2004} Scholars exploit a Markov decision model solved by dynamic programming methods to find the optimal policy for satellite launches, thus achieving cost savings for Low-earth orbit satellite system operators. +% +% (2) Until 2006, the concept of space supply chain \cite{Fayez2006} was put forward, marking a new stage in the researching development. +% In this stage, scholars not only considered the materials delivering narrowly, but also integrated the data, information, crew, knowledge and capital flow into the space supply chain \citep{Galluzzi2006}, which is more expansively. +% Numerous academic conferences on the topic of space supply chain operations were held during that year, thus, 2006 was also called The Year of Space Logistics by The International Society of Logistics. +% In this stage, a number of research institutions represented by NASA, MIT and Jet Propulsion Laboratory have first conducted systematic and comprehensive research on space logistics which have been in the leading position in the world \citep{Cheng2009}. +% To visually simulate the flow of space vehicles and supplies through the interplanetary logistics network, MIT researchers developed the SpaceNet which is a simulation and optimization software \citep{Lee2008}. +% Based on NASA project practices, \cite{Evans2006} discussed the impact of traditional supply chain models on the efficiency of space supply chain operations, such as such as SCOR Model, Lean – Six Sigma, and Capability Maturity Model. +% Besides, to optimize the transfer of supplies in space, \cite{Taylor2006} developed a heuristic optimization algorithm by extending the terrestrial logistics model and incorporate the astrodynamic relationships. +% \cite{Brandimarte2013} constructed a MILP model subject to resource constraints. Specifically, the paper investigates the scheduling of different launchers and different mission profiles to schedule Low-earth orbit satellite. +% \cite{Zhang2015} developed a multi-objective mixed integer planning model for the collaborative optimization of multi-center multi-satellite launch missions based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II. In this paper, they focus on the optimization objectives of minimum launch cost and minimum launch failure probability to solve the collaborative programming problem for a large amount of satellite launch missions. +% \cite{Chen2021} develops a flexibility management framework for space logistics mission planning under uncertainty through decision rules and multistage stochastic programming. +% +% In addition to articles focusing on operations research, the business issues in space supply chain operation are also worthy of study with the commercial space entities emerging \cite{Dewicki2010}. +% Therefore, a number of scholars have recently conducted studies around operation management which are more relevant to our paper. +% \cite{Tang2014} provided a framework to balance cost, time and risk in the aircraft supply chain. +% \cite{Wooten2018} examined the space industry's operation management, which involves manufacturing operations, supply chain management, and sustainable operations. Besides, they also outlined the challenges and essential questions related to stakeholders. +% \cite{Raghunath2021} discussed the challenges that commercial space operation faces from a business perspective. +% Furthermore, \cite{Guo2021} comprehensively analyzed the global aerospace industry's current situation and future development from the upstream supply chain, midstream production chain, and downstream application chain. +% In addition, \cite{Donelli2021} considered the profitability and efficiency during the aircraft manufacturing and supply chain. The paper proposed a model-based approach to optimal the multiple-choice. @@ -285,7 +292,7 @@ - \subsection{Blockchain technology support supply chain management} + \subsection{Blockchain technology in supply chain management} As a “trust ledger”, blockchain has overwhelming advantage of data storage such as openness, transparency, tampering, and traceability, which make it possible to manipulate higher quality data \citep{Choi2019}, improving the supply chain efficiency and so on \citep{Chod2020}. According to its characters, \cite{Queiroz2019,Wang2019,Babich2020, Li2022} gave the review of this topic.\par Besides, more and more scholars have begun to study the application of blockchain in the supply chain. @@ -295,7 +302,7 @@ (i) face the third party, it provides an innovative way for the capital constraint companies to finance \citep{Choi2020,Choi2021}; (ii) face the market, it helps products to fight counterfeits, earn trust of customers and win company reputation in the market \citep{Pun2021, Shen2021,Fan2020}.\par Regarding our topic, this article mainly refers to articles on the application of blockchain in the space supply chain. - \cite{Luo2020} adopted blockchain technology to enhance systems security and examined its affection on the government’s penalty system. + \cite{Luo2022} adopted blockchain technology to enhance systems security and examined its affection on the government’s penalty system. \cite{Adhikari2020} gave a clearly analysis on the implementation of blockchain in the area of space cybersecurity framework against global positioning system spoofing. \cite{Clark2020} developed a secure system by leveraging the distributed ledger technology of blockchain for satellite networks. This system achieves reduced latency when transmitting data across constellations and reduces the burden in terms of quality, power and cost for all users. \cite{Zheng2021} studied a three-tier space supply chain under the decision-making problem and investigated how blockchain technology optimizes decisions based on information sharing. @@ -307,7 +314,7 @@ \subsection{Government subsidies} - Government interventions in supply chain management include legislation \citep{Gouda2016, Zhang2018}, penalties \citep{Xiao2018,Luo2020}, subsidies \citep{Guo2019,Xiao2020,Jung2020} and taxes \citep{Xu2018a,Chen2020}. + Government interventions in supply chain management include legislation \citep{Gouda2016, Zhang2018}, penalties \citep{Xiao2018,Luo2022}, subsidies \citep{Guo2019,Xiao2020,Jung2020} and taxes \citep{Xu2018a,Chen2020}. The stream of research closest to our work is exploring the adoption of government subsidies to promote industry growth or to support firms through difficult times. In order to improve the social welfare and the manufacturers' profits, different types of subsidy programs has been launched by governments, such as subsidies to consumers, manufacturers, or both \cite{Yu2018}. The authors of this article reveal the influencing factors that determine the optimal structure of government subsidy programs. They find that governments can develop subsidy programs involving multiple competing manufacturers to improve consumer welfare. @@ -319,46 +326,51 @@ %However, the difference is that we focus on the commercial space supply chain to explore how subsidy systems can be implemented to leverage its value. - \subsection{Contributions of this paper} +% \subsection{Contributions of this paper} +% +% To sum, in this section we have reviewed three research streams, comparing to the literature from these topics, our paper's contributions are as follows: +% (1) Inspired by the study on satellite industry operation management by \cite{Wooten2018}, we investigate SSC in a manner of game theory to study how financial factors, government support and technology advance affect the operations of SSC entities. +% (2) Different from the well-known supply chain financial models such as the one proposed by \cite{Tang2018}, we also consider the role of government subsidies, as well as disruptive FinTechs such as blockchain. +% (3) Different from the existing blockchain-related supply chain studies, our model is one of the first attempts to investigate the SSC by combining real-world practices in satellite industry \citep{Altaf2019} and recent blockchain applications \citep{Luo2022}. +%% (4) In terms of modeling, we have innovatively constructed a three-stage Stackelberg game model which characterizes the high-risk, high-loss nature of SSC. +% Therefore, we suggest that this paper not only complements the literature, but also provides managerial insights for practitioners in satellite industry.\par + + + +\section{The case with insurance and government subsidy} \label{sec:models} + To answer the first two RQs, the Model I is first presented to describe the common practice of a SSC which uses commercial insurance to hedge launch risk. + Next, the Model I is extended to the Model G by introducing government subsidy, which @@@ + The optimal decisions of entities under two models are compared in this section. - To sum, in this section we have reviewed four research streams, comparing to the literature from these topics, our paper's contributions are as follows: - (1) Inspired by \cite{Wooten2018}'s study on space industry operation management, we theoretically investigate space supply chain management from the perspective of business, which not only enriches the study of space operations but also expands the research field of supply chain finance. - (2) To portray the hedging risk strategy, we refer to \cite{Tang2018}. However, different from their models, we also consider the role of insurance and government subsidies to deal with launch risk. - (3) Although numbers of scholars have researched the application of blockchain technology in operation management, few have explored its impact on SLSC decisions. - Based on real-world observation \citep{Altaf2019}, we adopt blockchain technology in launch activity and theoretically analyze its value in SLSC with reference to \cite{Luo2020}. - (4) In terms of modeling, we have innovatively constructed a three-stage Stackelberg game model which characterizes the high-risk, high-loss nature of SLSC. - - %The insights not only contribute to the literature in operation management but also advance the industrial knowledge regarding blockchain launch platforms.\par - - - -\section{Benchmark case} \label{sec:models} - - - Consider an engineer-to-order supply chain consisting of one vehicle manufacturer (VM, he), one satellite operator (SO, she) and an insurance company (IC, it). - As shown in \reffig{fig:sequence}, to launch the satellite successfully, the SO usually conducts a series analyses to choose the vehicle and design the launch service contract with launch price $l$ and prepay ratio $\alpha$. - Once the satellite is on-track, the SO will pay VM last part $(1-\alpha)p$ and she will obtain income from sailing satellite data. - Without loss generality, consumers possess a stochastic valuation $u$ towards the satellite data, which follows a distribution $f(u)$. Following most literature, we set $f(u)$ follows a uniform distribution with a rage of $0-1$, denoted by $U[0,1]$. To avoid facing messy mathematics, we normalize the consumer population as $1$. - -% the SO has already signed contracts future servicing missions at income $F$ before launching \citep{SpaceFund2022}, which rely on satellite service to function. So the satellite income also is one factor that SO needs to consider while designing the launch contract, which is an indicator of her risk resistance \citep{Li2010}. \par - - As common in launch activity, our models capture two typical features in the space supply chain. - First, the launch activity is risky, which means there is a probability for the satellite operating in its final orbital position. - The VM can improve the probability of mission success (aka reliability) by exerting costly efforts (e.g., improving technologies, equipment or processes) \citep{Bailey2020, Kunstadter2020}. - Following \cite{Tang2018}, we scale the base launch success probability to 0. - To increase the probability from 0 to $e$, where $e \in (0, 1)$, the VM needs to exert effort associated with a disutility (cost of effort) $ke^2$ with $k > 0$. The setting of such a disutility is common in many models.\par - - Notedly, a launch failure is costly to all involved parties. For the SO, she will lost her satellite and the income. - For the VM, what he will face is not only the current contract loss but also the damage of his reputation and future business as well as financing. - To reflect the VM's additional loss, a penalty denoted by $\theta$ is adopted into the profit function. %\textcolor{red}{cite:Williams-Robert-COVERING-THE-INCREASED-LIABILITY-OF-NEW-LAUNCH-MARKETS.pdf} - Considering the launch risk, it is natural that SO attempts to purchase launch insurance before launching to hedge risks. - IC designs the launch insurance according to the analyses of conducting serious technological analyses of satellite and the VM. - Once the launch fails, the IC usually pays pro rate compensation. - We assume the claim covers $\beta$ of the whole loss including the cost of satellite and the prepay price. +\subsection{Model I: SSC with insurance}\label{sec:modeli} + Consider an engineer-to-order SSC consisting of one vehicle manufacturer (VM, he), one satellite operator (SO, she) and an insurance company (IC, it). + The interactions among them are illustrated in \reffig{fig:sequence}. + \begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{sequences.pdf} + \caption{Sequence of events of model I. SO: satellite operator; VM: vehicle manufacture; IC: insurance company.} + \label{fig:sequence} + \end{figure} + First, as in practice, the SO designs a launch service contract with launch price $l$ and prepay ratio $\alpha$, i.e., pay the VM $\alpha l$ up front \citep{Andrews2011,Barschke2020}. + Second, as the follower, the VM decides whether to accept the contract. + Following \cite{Tang2018}, we scale the base launch success probability to 0. + To increase the probability from 0 to $e$, where $e \in (0, 1)$, the VM needs to exert effort associated with a dis-utility $ke^2$ with $k > 0$. + Third, the SO buys the launch insurance at the premium rate $r$ to compensate the loss if the launch fails. + Hence, the VM receives the remaining payment $(1-\alpha)l$, if the launch is successful; or $0$, if the launch fails. + Finally, once the satellite works in orbit, the SO can sell the data to the market at the retail price $p$. + Without loss generality, data customers possess a stochastic valuation $u$ towards the satellite data, which follows a distribution $f(u)$. + Following most literature @@, we set $f(u)$ follows a uniform distribution, denoted by $U[0,1]$. + To avoid facing messy mathematics, we normalize the consumer population as $1$, and thus the market demand $D^I$ is expressed as follows: + \begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:id} + \begin{aligned} + D^I &= 1 \int_{p}^{1}{f\left( u \right) \mathrm{d} u}= 1-p\\ + \end{aligned} + \end{eqnarray} + + Model I is a Stackelberg game that can be solved using backward induction. We summarize the notation used throughout the paper in \reftab{tab:Parameters}. - - \begin{table}[htbp] + \begin{table}[!htbp] \scriptsize \caption{\label{tab:Parameters} Notation} \centering @@ -375,337 +387,223 @@ $l$ & The launching service price \\ $\alpha$ & The upfront payment ratio \\ $e$& The “rate of successful launch ”, which is the same as “the level of effort the VM exerting” in this paper \\ - $k$& The cost coefficient of effort\\ - + $k$& The cost coefficient of effort\\ $r$ &The premium rate \\ $\beta$& The claim ratio\\ - $g$& The government-subsidized launch insurance premium rates\\ - - $c_i$& The cost of vehicle $(i= V)$ or satellite $(i= S)$ \\ - - %\textcolor{red}{Payment for a launch is usually subdivided in several installments. A first rate will usually be charged upon reservation of a certain flight opportunity, while the second one is due upon launch service agreement signature. As soon as the ICD is finalized, a third rate applies and the final part is charged when the launch has been performed.} - + $g$& The government-subsidized launch insurance premium rates\\ + $c_i$& The cost of vehicle $(i= V)$ or satellite $(i= S)$ \\ $\theta$ & The penalty of a failed launch for VM\\ - - $k$ & The effort cost factor\\ - + $k$ & The effort cost factor\\ $\pi_i$ & The profit of vehicle manufacture$(i= V)$ or satellite operator $(i= S)$ or insurance company $(i=I)$\\ $CS$& The consumer surplus\\ - $SW$& The social welfare\\ - + $SW$& The social welfare\\ \bottomrule \end{tabular} - \begin{tablenotes} - \item[a] Subscripts $S$, $V$ and $I$ are the indices of SO, VM and IC respectively. - \item[b] Superscript $I$, $IG$, $B$ and $BG$ to describe function and decisions in model I, model IG, model B and model BG respectively. - \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes} + \item[a] Subscripts $S$, $V$ and $I$ denote the indices of SO, VM and IC respectively. + \item[b] Superscript $I$, $IG$, $B$ and $BG$ denote functions and decisions in model I, model IG, model B and model BG respectively. + \end{tablenotes} \end{threeparttable} \end{table} + \subsubsection{The VM’s effort} + From the perspective of VM, a launch failure results in not only the current contract loss but also the damage of his reputation and future business as well as financing. + To reflect the VM's additional loss, a penalty denoted by $\theta$ is adopted into his profit function $\piv$: + \begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:vm:payoff} + \begin{aligned} + \max_e \E [\piv(l, p, e)] &=\alpha l+ (1 - \alpha)el - (1 - e) \theta - (ke^2 + \cv),\\ + s.t.~\piv &\geq 0 + \end{aligned} + \end{eqnarray} + where $\cv$ denotes the rocket cost. + $\piv$ can be divided into three parts: + (1) the prepaid income and expected gain upon successful launch $\alpha l+ (1 - \alpha)el$; + (2) the expected loss of failure penalty in the event of launch failure $(1 - e) \theta$; and + (3) the cost of effort and vehicle $ke^2 + \cv$. - - -% TODO: \usepackage{graphicx} required -\begin{figure}[H] - \centering - \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{sequences.pdf} - \caption{Sequence of events. SO :the satellite operator; VM: the vehicle manufacture; IC: the insurance company. } - \label{fig:sequence} -\end{figure} - - - -\subsection{Model I: Satellite launch supply chain with insurance } \label{sec:modeli} - -Acting as the Stackelberg leader, the SO sets the contract terms and the VM, as the follower, decides whether to accept the contract. -Without loss of generality, we focus on the following contract: the SO pays the VM a certain $\alpha$ of launch price $l$ upfront when launch services are procured. \citep{Andrews2011,Barschke2020} -Furthermore, when the launch is successful, the VM then receives the balance of the payment $(1-\alpha)*l$ for services or $0$ otherwise. -Concerning risk, the SO buys the launch insurance with the premium rate $r$ to compensate the loss if the launch failed. \reffig{fig:sequence} shows the sequence of events corresponding to the game model. -Therefore, the market demand and payoff function, $D^I$ and $\pis$, faces by the SO can be measured as follows: - -\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:id} - % \left\{ - \begin{aligned} - D^I &= 1 \int_{p}^{1}{f\left( u \right) \mathrm{d} u}= 1-p\\ - \end{aligned} - % \right. -\end{eqnarray} - -\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:iso:payoff} -% \left\{ - \begin{aligned} - \max_{l,p} \E [\pis(l, p, e, r)] &= epD^I -[\alpha + e(1-\alpha) ]l - r (\cs + \alpha l) + (1-e)\beta (\cs + \alpha l)- \cs,\\ -% s.t.~pD &\geq \cs + l - \end{aligned} -% \right. -\end{eqnarray} - -As shown, $\pis$ consists of five parts: -(1) the income she can obtain once the satellite works in orbit $epD^I$; -(2) the expect launch service price $[\alpha+e(1-\alpha)]l$; -(3) the premium for the launch insurance $ r (\cs + \alpha l)$; -(4) the compensate she will get once the launch failed $(1-e)\beta (\cs + \alpha l) $. -(5) the cost of building the satellite $ \cs$. -Without loss of generality, the satellite income covers its building and launch cost; i.e., the SO sets a contract only when $pD^I\geq\cs + l $.\par - -As depicted in \reffig{fig:sequence}, the VM accepts a contract with price $l$ and receives the prepayment $\alpha*l$ from the SO, then he manufactures the rocket which cost $c_v$. -If the vehicle launch successfully, he receives the last $(1-\alpha )*l$ from the SO. -If launching is failed, the VM not only receives no payment but also suffers penalty which monetized as $\theta$ . -Therefore, the VM’s objective is to maximize his expected payoff $\piv$ as follows: -\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:vm:payoff} -% \left\{ - \begin{aligned} - \max_e \E [\piv(l, p, e)] &=[\alpha + e (1 - \alpha) ]l - (1 - e) \theta - (ke^2 + \cv),\\ - s.t.~\piv &\geq 0 - \end{aligned} -% \right. -\end{eqnarray} - - -As shown, $\piv$ consists of three parts: (1) the prepaid income and expected gain upon successful launch $[\alpha + e (1 - \alpha) ]l$, -(2) the expected loss of failure penalty in the event of launch failure $(1 - e) \theta$, and (3) the cost of effort and vehicle $ke^2 + \cv$. -The non-negative profit constraint ensures the profitability of launch successfully; otherwise, the VM will quit the cooperation. - - -\subsubsection{The VM’s effort} -We now solve the Stackelberg game as depicted in \reffig{fig:sequence} using backward induction. -First, given any launch price $l$, by considering the first-order condition of \refequ{eq:vm:payoff}, the VM’s best response is given as: -\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:ei} %\nonumber + The VM will reject the contract if the non-negative profit constraint is violated; otherwise, he decides the effort level $e$ to maximize his profit $\piv$. + By zeroing the first-order condition of \refequ{eq:vm:payoff}, the VM’s best response (i.e., effort $e$) can be viewed as a function of launch price $l$: + \begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:ei} %\nonumber e(l)&=\frac{(1-\alpha)l+\theta}{2k},\\ ~s.t.&0l_{VA}$) } & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\cv \geq H(\alpha)$ (i.e., $I_{VA} \geq l_S$ ) } \\ + \midrule + Effort of VM exerting $e^*$ & $\frac{\phi}{16(1-\alpha)k}$ & $\frac{\omega-\alpha k }{(1-\alpha)k}$ \\ + Launch price $l^*$ & $l^*=l_{S}=\frac{\phi-8\theta(1-\alpha)}{8(1-\alpha)^2}$ & $l^*=l_{VA}= \frac{2\omega-2\alpha k-(1-\alpha) \theta}{(1-\alpha)^2}$\\ + Retail price $p^*$ & $\frac{1}{2}$ & $\frac{1}{2}$\\ + Premium rate $r^*$ & $\beta(1-\frac{\phi}{16(1-\alpha)k})$ & $\beta\frac{k-\omega}{(1-\alpha)k}$\\ + SO's profit $\pis$ & $\frac{\phi^2}{128(1-\alpha)^2k}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha} -\cs$ & $\frac{(\omega-\alpha k)(\phi+8\alpha k-8\omega)}{4(1-\alpha )^2k}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cs$\\ + VM's profit $\piv$ & $\frac{\phi^2+32\alpha k\phi}{256(1-\alpha)^2k}-\frac{ \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cv$ & $0$\\ + Consumer surplus $CS^I$ & $\frac{1}{8}$ & $\frac{1}{8}$ \\ + Social welfare $SW^I$ & $\frac{3\phi^2+32\alpha k\phi}{256(1-\alpha)^2k}- \theta-\cs-\cv+\frac{1}{8}$ & $\frac{(\omega-\alpha k)(\phi+8\alpha k-8\omega)}{4(1-\alpha )^2k}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cs+\frac{1}{8}$\\ + \bottomrule + \end{tabular} + \end{table} -By denoting all of the functions, we obtain \reflem{lemma:modeli}. - -\begin{lem} \label{lemma:modeli} - The equilibrium outcomes of Model I are shown in \reftab{tab:modeli_decisions}. -\end{lem} + Because the launch price $l^* = \max(l_S, l_{VA})$ has two possible values, there are also two cases in our equilibrium result: $\cvl_{VA}$) } & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\cv \geq H(\alpha)$ (i.e., $I_{VA} \geq l_S$ ) } \\ - \midrule - Effort of VM exerting $e^*$& - $\frac{\phi}{16(1-\alpha)k}$ & - $\frac{\omega-\alpha k }{(1-\alpha)k}$ \\ - Launch price $l^*$& - $l^*=l_{S}=\frac{\phi-8\theta(1-\alpha)}{8(1-\alpha)^2}$& - $ l^*=l_{VA}= \frac{2\omega-2\alpha k-(1-\alpha) \theta}{(1-\alpha)^2}$\\ - Retail price $p^*$& - $\frac{1}{2}$& - $\frac{1}{2}$\\ - Premium rate $r^*$& - $\beta(1-\frac{\phi}{16(1-\alpha)k})$& - $\beta\frac{k-\omega}{(1-\alpha)k}$\\ - SO's profit $\pis$& - $\frac{\phi^2}{128(1-\alpha)^2k}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha} -\cs$& - $\frac{(\omega-\alpha k)(\phi+8\alpha k-8\omega)}{4(1-\alpha )^2k}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cs$\\ - VM's profit $\piv$& - $\frac{\phi^2+32\alpha k\phi}{256(1-\alpha)^2k}-\frac{ \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cv$& - $0$\\ - Consumer surplus $CS^I$& - $\frac{1}{8}$& - $\frac{1}{8}$&\\ - Social welfare $SW^I$& - $\frac{3\phi^2+32\alpha k\phi}{256(1-\alpha)^2k}- \theta-\cs-\cv+\frac{1}{8}$& - $\frac{(\omega-\alpha k)(\phi+8\alpha k-8\omega)}{4(1-\alpha )^2k}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cs+\frac{1}{8}$\\ - \bottomrule - \end{tabular} - \begin{tablenotes} - \item To avoid complicated writing, we define - $\phi=(1-\alpha)(1+4\theta)-8\alpha k$, - $\omega=\sqrt{(1-\alpha)^2k\cv+\alpha ^2k^2-(1-\alpha)k\theta}$. -\end{tablenotes} -\end{table*} - -Note that there are two cases in our equilibrium result that $\cv\phi$. The premium rate $r$ will decrease, affected by government subsidy. -(ii) When $\cv\geq H(\alpha)$, the successful launch probability, launch price, and the premium rate do not affect by the government subsidy. -(iii) No matter the situation, the retail price doesn't change, which means the government subsidy program doesn't affect the market retail price. -We will talk about the difference between model I and model IG in detail in \refsec{sec:value_g}. +The optimal decisions of model IG are similar to that of model I, but there are three points worthy of notice. +\begin{itemize} + \item When $\cv\phi$. The premium rate $r$ will decrease due to government subsidy. + \item When $\cv\geq H(\alpha)$, the successful launch probability, launch price, and the premium rate are independent of the government subsidy. + \item The retail price remains unchanged, which means the government subsidy program doesn't affect the market retail price. +\end{itemize} -We now report the sensitivity analysis performing as shown in \reftab{tab:modeli_and_ig_sensitivity}. -We find that the results of Model IG and Model I were very similar, but with three difference. +\subsubsection{Sensitivity analysis} +Regarding the sensitivity analysis, there are also three key findings. -Firstly, if the cost coefficient of effort $k$ increases, +First, if the cost coefficient of effort $k$ increases, (i) when $0e^I$, $r^{IG}l^I$ if and only if $\cve^I$, $r^{IG}l^I$ if and only if $\cvH(\alpha)$), government subsidies will not be able to form the above positive feedback closed loop in the market. +\refprop{prop:value_decision_g} implies three findings when $\cvH(\alpha)$. \begin{prop} \label{prop:value_profit_g} Given $\alpha,~ k,~\theta,~g$: @@ -857,127 +740,62 @@ Note, the above phenomenon occurs only in condition $\cvH(\alpha)$, subsidies can only increase the profit of the SO, but the launch success rate can not be increased by government subsidies. +\section{The case with blockchain technology}\label{sec:blockchain} +Another approach to help hedge the launch risk is adopting disruptive technologies, such as the blockchain technology (BCT). +In practice, BCT affects the SSC in two ways. +On the one hand, it provides a decentralized identity management with strong security features, which engenders trust among SSC members (including customers) in the quality of the information being shared \citep{2020-Babich-p223-240}. +On the other hand, it improves the workflow efficiency of launch activities which helps to reduce the error rate, and thus increases the probability of successful launch. +In a blockchain-embed launch platform proposed by IBM, as depicted in \reffig{fig:blockchain}, BCT is able to deal with order tracking, parts assembly, shipments, and other workflows for approvals, auditing, launch and control in SSC, which will help the VM save cost and increase launch success probability.\par +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{blockchain} + \caption{A blockchain-embed launch platform proposed by IBM, reproduced from source: \cite{Altaf2019}.} + \label{fig:blockchain} +\end{figure} - - \section{The case with blockchain technology } \label{sec:blockchain} - - After exploring Model I and Model IG, we find that government subsidies for launch insurance do not benefit customers that the data demand $D$ and retail price $p$ remain unchanged in these two models. - Luckily, the implementation of innovative technology, blockchain technology (BCT), injects new blood into the commercial space industry in two aspects: - on one hand, BCT can enhance the security of satellite data which enhances trust among users; - on the other hand, blockchain technology helps to improve the workflow efficiency of launch activities which helps to reduce the error rate, and thus increases the probability of successful launch. -In this section, we analytical exploring how BCT improve the performance of the satellite launch supply chain. - - In the real world, as depicted in \reffig{fig:blockchain}, the launching workflow is supported by BCT to deal with the complexities such as contracts, order tracking, parts assembly, shipments, design and test documents, test results data, near real-time data, workflows for approvals, auditing, launch and control. - That means it will improve the data flow between different participants and capture the problem in time during the process. - In other words, when information is shared adequately in the whole supply chain, it will help VM to save the effort cost to reach the ideal launch success probability, which is related to the symmetric and transparent information. - (such as IBM and Cloud Constellation Corporation are working together to build a range of prototype solutions from Edge Computing in Space to exploring how blockchain can optimize the logistics and supply chain for the space tech industry \citep{Altaf2019}. \par - - - % TODO: \usepackage{graphicx} required - \begin{figure}[H] - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{blockchain} - \caption{Satellite launch supported by blockchain platform.} \cite{Altaf2019} - \label{fig:blockchain} - \end{figure} - - \begin{defi}\label{defi:all-win} - An win-win scenario is achieved under Model x if the supply chain, consumers, and social welfare under Model x are all better off compared to the respective ones under Model NI. - \end{defi} - - -\subsection{Model B: Blockchain-embedded satellite launch supply chain with insurance } - - Compared to the case under Model I, all these parties will work together on the blockchain platform and the workflow will be more efficient which will be like - (i) Launch data is made accessible via application program interfaces (APIs) for each of the participants on the nodes, and all interactions such as data download are tracked. - (ii) All of the above activity is logged in the form of transactions in an immutable ledger database for auditing purposes to all the authorized interested participants. - (iii) The data collected by the satellite will also record on BCT which cannot be tampered with. - \reffig{fig:blockchain} shows the whole launch success process in the avail of blockchain. - Thus, the obvious advantage over Model I is that the transform data flow will decrease the effort cost and enhance the trust of customers. - In other words, for the effort cost VM exerting to improve the launch successfully probability (denoted by $k^B e^2$ for the case under Model B), it will be lower under Model B than under Model I, which means improve successful launch probability is cheaper with BCT than without BCT. - We assume the blockchain platform provided by the third party which will charge SO and VM for $\csb$ and $\cvb$ respectively (Note: We assume the cost of BCT is lump-sum payment and the marginal cost of blockchain will be considered in the extended model \refsec{extend:model_c}). - Before conducting analyses, we follow \cite{Luo2020} to define the “all-win” scenario. - - \begin{defi}\label{defi:all-win} - An all-win scenario is achieved under Model x if the supply chain, customers, and social welfare under Model x are all better off compared to the respective ones under Model I. - \end{defi} - - According to the assumption, we model the scenario with government subsidies and BCT. - For customers, the benefits brought by BCT are characterized by factor $b$ which will increase their utility. - To be specific, the market demand can be written as follows: - - \begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:igd} - % \left\{ - \begin{aligned} - D^{B} &= 1 \int_{p-b}^{1}{f\left( u \right) \mathrm{d} u}= 1-p+b \\ - \end{aligned} - % \right. - \end{eqnarray} - -Similar to \refsec{sec:modeli}, as the Stackelberg leader, SO sets the contract terms and the VM, as the follower, decides whether to accept the contract. -Once the cooperation is signed, each of the participants gets a node which has a copy of ledger and smart contracts. -As in \refsec{sec:modeli}, the SO prepays the supplier part of the contract price $\alpha*l$ ahead. After launching, she will pay $(1-\alpha)*l$ upon successful delivery and pays $0$ otherwise. -Concerning risk, SO buy the launch insurance with premium rate $r$ to compensate the damage if launch failed. -Therefore, the members' payoffs can be measured as follows: +\subsection{Model B: Blockchain-embedded SSC with insurance} +Based on the above advantages of BCT, we assume that adopting BCT changes the origin model I in three ways (@@@ each add a citation): +\begin{itemize} + \item For customers, the benefits brought by BCT are characterized by factor $b$ which will increase their utility. Hence the market demand can be written as follows: + \begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:igd} + \begin{aligned} + D^{B} &= 1 \int_{p-b}^{1}{f\left( u \right) \mathrm{d} u}= 1-p+b \\ + \end{aligned} + \end{eqnarray} + \item For the VM, BCT decreases his effort cost exerting to improve the launch successfully probability from $k e^2$ to $k^B e^2$, where $0< k^B < k$. + \item The BCT platform, provided by a third party, charges the SO and VM for $\csb$ and $\cvb$, respectively. +\end{itemize} +Therefore, the SSC members' payoffs can be measured as follows: \begin{eqnarray} \begin{aligned} - \pbs &= epD^B -[\alpha + e(1-\alpha) ]l - r (\cs + \alpha l) + (1-e)\beta (\cs + \alpha l)- \cs-\csb,\label{eq:bso:payoff}\\ - \pi_i^{B}&= r (\cs + \alpha l)-(1-e)\beta (\cs + \alpha l),\\ - \pbv&=[\alpha + e (1 - \alpha) ]l - (1 - e) \theta - (\kb e^2 + \cv)-\cvb,\label{eq:bvm:payoff}\\ + \pbs &= epD^B -[\alpha + (1-\alpha)e]l - (\cs + \alpha l)r + (1-e) (\cs + \alpha l) \beta - \cs-\csb,\label{eq:bso:payoff}\\ + \pi_i^{B}&= (\cs + \alpha l)r - (1-e) (\cs + \alpha l) \beta,\\ + \pbv&=[\alpha + (1 - \alpha)e]l - (1 - e) \theta - (\kb e^2 + \cv)-\cvb,\label{eq:bvm:payoff}\\ s.t.~\pbv &\geq 0 \end{aligned} \end{eqnarray} - - -As shown, $\pbs$ consists of five parts: -(1) the income she will obtain once the satellite works in orbit ($e pD^B$), -(2) the launch service price ($[\alpha+e(1-\alpha)]l$), -(3) the premium SO pays for launch insurance($ r (\cs + \alpha l) $), -(4) the compensate she will get once the launch failed($(1-e) \beta(\cs + \alpha l)$), -(5) the cost of satellite and blockchain service, $\cs$ and $\csb$. -%Without loss of generality, the satellite income covers its whole cost; i.e., the SO sets a contract only when $F\geq\cs + \csb+\pb $.\par - - After receiving a contract with price $l$ that is acceptable to VM, the cooperation is reached and a smart contract will be built. - Then VM gets the node of checking the contract, which captures serious details to direct the conduction design, development, test and evaluation efficiently which cost $\cv+\cvb$. Also, he will get the prepayment $\alpha*l$ from the SO. - If the vehicle launch successfully, he receives the last $(1-\alpha )*l$ from the SO. If launching is not successful, the VM receives no payment. -As shown, $\pbv$ consists of three parts: -(1)the prepaid income and expected gain upon successful launch $[\alpha + e (1 - \alpha)]l$, -(2)the expected loss of failure penalty in the event of launch failure $(1 - e) \theta$, -(3)the whole cost $\kb e^2 + \cv+\cvb$. -The non-negative profit constraint ensures the profitability of launch; otherwise, the VM will reject such a contract. -%As our model is mainly motivated to made-to-order vehicle, we assume that, once the rocket manufacture is accomplished, the VM has to launch the SO's satellite. Therefore, without loss of generality, we normalize his outside option to 0; i.e., the manufacturer accepts a contract only when $\pbv \geq 0$.\par - -After a backward induction similar to the \ref{sec:modeli}, we obtain \reflem{lemma:modelb}. - - -\begin{lem} \label{lemma:modelb} - The equilibrium outcomes of Model B are shown in \reftab{tab:modelb_decisions}. +Using backward induction, we obtain \reflem{lemma:modelb}. +\begin{lem}\label{lemma:modelb} + The equilibrium outcomes of Model B are shown in \reftab{tab:modelb_decisions}, where $\eta=(1-\alpha)(1+b)^2+4(1-\alpha)\theta-8\alpha \kb$, + $\mu=\sqrt{(1-\alpha)^2\kb (\cv+\cvb)+\alpha ^2{\kb}^2-(1-\alpha)\kb \theta}$. \end{lem} - - \begin{table*}[htbp] +\begin{table}[htbp] \scriptsize - % \hspace*{-1cm} % apply this to move the table left, so that the right part of a wide table can be shown. - \newcommand{\tabincell}[2]{\begin{tabular}{@{}#1@{}}#2\end{tabular}} \caption{\label{tab:modelb_decisions} The equilibrium outcomes in Model B.} \centering - \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} - \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{1pt}}l*{14}{c}@{}} + \begin{tabular}{lcc} \toprule & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\cv < H(\alpha)$ } & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\cv \geq H(\alpha)$ } \\ \midrule @@ -994,185 +812,138 @@ After a backward induction similar to the \ref{sec:modeli}, we obtain \reflem{le $\beta(1-\frac{\eta}{16(1-\alpha)\kb})$& $\beta\frac{\kb-\mu}{(1-\alpha)\kb}$\\ SO's profit $\pbs$& - $\frac{\eta^2}{128(1-\alpha)^2\kb}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha} -\c-\csb$& + $\frac{\eta^2}{128(1-\alpha)^2\kb}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha} -\cs-\csb$& $\frac{(\mu-\alpha \kb)(\eta+8\alpha \kb-8\mu)}{4(1-\alpha )^2\kb}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cs-\csb$\\ VM's profit $\pbv$& $\frac{\eta^2+32\alpha \kb\eta}{256(1-\alpha)^2\kb}-\frac{ \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cv-\cvb$& $0$\\ Consumer surplus $CS^B$& $\frac{(1+b)^2}{8}$& - $\frac{(1+b)^2}{8}$&\\ + $\frac{(1+b)^2}{8}$\\ Social welfare $SW^B$& $\frac{3\eta^2+32\alpha \kb\eta}{256(1-\alpha)^2\kb}- \theta-\cs-\cv-\csb-\cvb+\frac{(1+b)^2}{8}$& $\frac{(\mu-\alpha \kb)(\phi+8\alpha \kb-8\mu)}{4(1-\alpha )^2\kb}+\frac{\alpha \theta}{1-\alpha}-\cs-\csb+\frac{(1+b)^2}{8}$\\ \bottomrule \end{tabular} - \begin{tablenotes} - \item To avoid complicated writing, we define - $\eta=(1-\alpha)(1+b)^2+4(1-\alpha)\theta-8\alpha \kb$, - $\mu=\sqrt{(1-\alpha)^2\kb (\cv+\cvb)+\alpha ^2{\kb}^2-(1-\alpha)\kb \theta}$. - \end{tablenotes} -\end{table*} +\end{table} +The equilibrium outcomes in \reflem{lemma:modelb} are similar to \reflem{lemma:modeli}, but there are two notable differences. +First, when $\cv\phi$, the successful launch probability, the launch price are higher than in Model I; and the premium rate is lower than in Model I. - (ii) When $\cv\geq H(\alpha)$, the equilibrium outcomes are not neat and cannot be directly compared which we will conduct analyze in detail in \refsec{sec:value_b}. - (iii) Although the retail price is higher compared with Model I, the consumer surplus in increase with the implementation of BCT. - Notedly, the consumer surplus is only related to $b$, not to the cost of the blockchain. - Therefore, as long as blockchain technology is adopted, the consumer surplus can be improved. - - As the sensitivity outcomes shown in \reftab{tab:modeli_and_ig_sensitivity} we now conduct the analysis. - - - \begin{table*}[htbp] +\subsubsection{Sensitivity analysis} +We also obtain the sensitivity outcomes, reported in \reftab{tab:modeli_and_ig_sensitivity}. +\begin{table}[htbp] \scriptsize - % \hspace*{-1cm} % apply this to move the table left, so that the right part of a wide table can be shown. - \newcommand{\tabincell}[2]{\begin{tabular}{@{}#1@{}}#2\end{tabular}} \caption{\label{tab:modeli_and_b_sensitivity} Sensitivity analyses for Model I and Model B.} \centering - \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} - \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{1pt}}l*{14}{l}@{}} + \begin{tabular}{*{11}{c}} \toprule & {Model}&{Situation}&{$e^*$}&{$r^*$}&{$l^*$}&{$p^*$} &{$\pi_S$}&{$\pi_V$}&{$CS$}&{$SW$} \\ \midrule $k \uparrow$ & Model I &{$\cv < H(\alpha)$ } & - $\downarrow$&$\uparrow$&$\downarrow$&$-$&$\downarrow$: $kk_2$, which means BCT raises the threshold of the SO to change the trend of her profits. - (ii) Secondly, if the failed-launch penalty$\theta$ increase, when $\cvk_2$, which means BCT raises this threshold of the SO and affects her profits. +Second, if the failed-launch penalty $\theta$ increases, when $\cv\theta_{V3}$ and $\theta>\theta_{W3}$ both profits of them will decrease. -(iii) If the benefits that blockchain brings to consumers $b$ increases, -(a) when $\cv0$& - $-\beta\frac{k[(1+b)^2+4\theta]-\kb(1+4\theta)}{16k\kb}<0$& - $\frac{(1-\alpha)(b^2+2b)+8\alpha(k-\kb)}{8(1-\alpha)^2}>0$& - $\frac{b}{2}>0$\\ - &{$\cv \geq H(\alpha)$ }& - $\frac{k\mu-\kb\omega}{k\kb(1-\alpha)}>0$& - $-\beta$$\frac{k\mu-\kb \omega}{k\kb(1-\alpha)}<0$& - $\frac{2(\mu-\omega)+2\alpha(k-\kb)}{(1-\alpha)^2}>0$& - $\frac{b}{2}>0$\\ - \bottomrule + Situation & $V_{ e^*}^B$ & $V_{ r^*}^B$ & $V_{ l^*}^B$ & $V_{ p^*}^B$ \\ + \midrule + $\cv < H(\alpha)$ & $\frac{k[(1+b)^2+4\theta]-\kb(1+4\theta)}{16k\kb}>0$ & $-\beta\frac{k[(1+b)^2+4\theta]-\kb(1+4\theta)}{16k\kb}<0$ & $\frac{(1-\alpha)(b^2+2b)+8\alpha(k-\kb)}{8(1-\alpha)^2}>0$ & $\frac{b}{2}>0$\\ + $\cv \geq H(\alpha)$ & $\frac{k\mu-\kb\omega}{k\kb(1-\alpha)}>0$ & $-\beta$$\frac{k\mu-\kb \omega}{k\kb(1-\alpha)}<0$ & $\frac{2(\mu-\omega)+2\alpha(k-\kb)}{(1-\alpha)^2}>0$ & $\frac{b}{2}>0$\\ + \bottomrule \end{tabular} \end{table*} -\begin{table*}[htbp] +\begin{table}[htbp] \scriptsize - % \hspace*{-1cm} % apply this to move the table left, so that the right part of a wide table can be shown. - \newcommand{\tabincell}[2]{\begin{tabular}{@{}#1@{}}#2\end{tabular}} \caption{\label{tab:value_profit_b} Values of BCT on members' payoffs.} \centering - \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} - \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{1pt}}l*{14}{l}@{}} + \begin{tabular}{lllll} \toprule - &{Situation}&{$V_{ SO}^B$}&{$V_{VM}^B$}&{$V_{CS}^B$}&{$V_{SW}^B$} \\ - \midrule - Value & - {$\cv < H(\alpha)$ } & - $\frac{k\eta ^2-\kb \phi^2}{128k\kb (1-\alpha)^2}-\csb$& + Situation & $V_{ SO}^B$ & $V_{VM}^B$ & $V_{CS}^B$ & $V_{SW}^B$ \\ + \midrule + $\cv < H(\alpha)$ & $\frac{k\eta ^2-\kb \phi^2}{128k\kb (1-\alpha)^2}-\csb$ & $\frac{k\eta ^2-\kb \phi^2+32\alpha k \kb(\eta-\phi)}{256k\kb (1-\alpha)^2}-\cvb$& $\frac{b^2+2b}{8}$& $\frac{3k\eta ^2-3\kb \phi^2+32\alpha k \kb(\eta-\phi)}{256k\kb (1-\alpha)^2}+\frac{b^2+2b}{8}-\csb-\cvb$\\ - &{$\cv \geq H(\alpha)$ }& + $\cv \geq H(\alpha)$ & $\frac{k(\mu-\alpha \kb)[\eta-8(\mu-\alpha \kb)]-\kb (\omega-\alpha k)[\phi-8(\omega-\alpha k)]}{4k\kb(1-\alpha)^2}-\csb$& $0$& $\frac{b^2+2b}{8}$& $\frac{k(\mu-\alpha \kb)[\eta-8(\mu-\alpha \kb)]-\kb (\omega-\alpha k)[\phi-8(\omega-\alpha k)]}{4k\kb(1-\alpha)^2}+\frac{b^2+2b}{8}-\csb$\\ - \bottomrule + \bottomrule \end{tabular} -\end{table*} +\end{table} \begin{prop} \label{prop:value_decision_b} - Given $\alpha$, $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $b$: $e^{B}>e^I$, $r^{B}l^I$, $p^{B}>p^I$. + Given $\alpha$, $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $b$, then $e^{B}>e^I$, $r^{B}l^I$, $p^{B}>p^I$. \end{prop} -\refprop{prop:value_decision_b} gives us four claims. -Firstly, the optimal effort exerted by VM is higher after adopting blockchain technology, which directly leads to a higher launch success probability directly. -That also implies that BCT helps to improve work efficiency. -Secondly, the premium rate decreasing due to the successful launch probability increase. -Thirdly, the launch price is higher with the support of BCT, mainly because the probability of successful launch increases and the SO is willing to pay higher fees. -Fourthly, as shown the change of $e$, $r$, and $l$ are similar to \refprop{prop:value_decision_g}, however, the retail price in Model B increases after implementing BCT which is different from \refprop{prop:value_decision_g}. -It is due to the higher utility that BCT bring to customers, so they are more willing to pay a higher retail price. - - - - +\refprop{prop:value_decision_b} implies four points. +First, the optimal effort exerted by the VM is higher after adopting BCT, which directly leads to a higher launch success probability. +That also proves that BCT helps to improve work efficiency. +Second, the premium rate decreases as the successful launch probability increases. +Third, the launch price is higher with BCT, mainly because the probability of successful launch increases and the SO is willing to pay higher fees. +Fourth, the retail price in Model B increases after adopting BCT, as the BCT utility motivates customers to pay a higher retail price. \begin{prop} \label{prop:value_profit_b} Given $\alpha$, $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $b$: @@ -1183,42 +954,37 @@ It is due to the higher utility that BCT bring to customers, so they are more wi \item When $\cv \end{smallmatrix} \big) ~\frac{k\eta ^2-\kb \phi^2+32\alpha k \kb(\eta-\phi)}{256k\kb (1-\alpha)^2} $ , then we have: $V_{VM}^B~ \big(\begin{smallmatrix} > \\ =\\< \end{smallmatrix} \big) ~ 0$; - when $\cv \geq H(\alpha)$, $V_{VM}^B \equiv 0$ + when $\cv \geq H(\alpha)$, $V_{VM}^B \equiv 0$; \item - $V_{CS}^B>0$ + $V_{CS}^B>0$; \item When $\cv \end{smallmatrix} \big) \frac{3k\eta ^2-3\kb \phi^2+32\alpha k \kb(\eta-\phi)}{256k\kb (1-\alpha)^2}+\frac{b^2+2b}{8} $, then we have $V_{SW}^B ~ \big(\begin{smallmatrix} > \\ =\\< \end{smallmatrix} \big) ~ 0$; when $\cv \geq H(\alpha)$, if $\csb ~ \big(\begin{smallmatrix} < \\ =\\> \end{smallmatrix} \big) ~ \frac{k(\mu-\alpha \kb)[\eta-8(\mu-\alpha \kb)]-\kb (\omega-\alpha k)[\phi-8(\omega-\alpha k)]}{4k\kb(1-\alpha)^2}+\frac{b^2+2b}{8}$, then we have $V_{SW}^B ~ \big(\begin{smallmatrix} > \\ =\\< \end{smallmatrix} \big) ~ 0$. \end{enumerate} \end{prop} -As shown above, \refprop{prop:value_profit_b} gives us four neat findings. +As shown above, \refprop{prop:value_profit_b} provides us four neat findings. -Firstly, it gives the threshold of blockchain cost for SO, indicating that if the cost of implementing blockchain technology is high, then launching through the BCT platform is not profitable. -That is because the loss of paying for blockchain cannot be offset by the benefits of improving the quality of data flow and higher retail income. -Actually, there are two different thresholds for the SO to decide whether implement BCT in two situations. +First, it computes the threshold of adopting BCT cost for the SO. +When this cost is too high to be offset by extra retail revenue, launching through the BCT platform is not profitable. +Actually, there are two different thresholds for the SO to decide if the BCT should be adopted in two situations. However, once BCT costs are pretty low, it is always profitable for the SO to use blockchain. -Secondly, it also gives the threshold and condition for VM using blockchain. -When $\cv\psi$ (larger numerator). +Second, although the retail price $p$ is higher than that in Model IG, the consumer surplus eventually increases due to a greater increase in market demand with the adoption of BCT. + +\subsubsection{Sensitivity analysis} +The sensitivity outcomes in model BG are reported in \reftab{tab:modelig_and_bg_sensitivity}. +\begin{table*}[htbp] + \scriptsize + \caption{\label{tab:modelig_and_bg_sensitivity} Sensitivity analyses for Model IG and Model BG.} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{*{11}{c}} + \toprule + & {Model}&{Situation}&{$e^*$}&{$r^*$}&{$l^*$}&{$p^*$} &{$\pi_S$}&{$\pi_V$}&{$CS$}&{$SW$} \\ + \midrule + $k \uparrow$ & + Model IG &{$\cv < H(\alpha)$ } & + $\downarrow$&$\uparrow$&$\downarrow$ ($0H(\alpha)$} + &$-$&$-$&$-$&$-$&$\uparrow$&$-$&$-$&$\uparrow$\\ + \cline{2-11} + &Model BG& {$\cv < H(\alpha)$} + &$\uparrow$&$\downarrow$&$\uparrow$&$-$&$\uparrow$&$\uparrow$&$-$&$\uparrow$\\ + && {$\cv >H(\alpha)$} + &$-$&$-$&$-$&$-$&$\uparrow$&$-$&$-$&$\uparrow$\\ + \bottomrule + \multicolumn{11}{l}{To avoid complicated writing, we define $k_2=\frac{(1-\alpha )\theta}{2(1-g)\alpha}$, $k_4=\frac{(1-\alpha)[(1+b)^2+4\theta]}{8(1-g)\alpha}$, $\theta_{V2}=\frac{8k-2(1-g)\alpha k}{1-\alpha}$, $\theta_{V4}=\frac{32\kb-(1-\alpha)(1+b)^2-8(1-g)\alpha \kb}{4(1-\alpha)}$, } \\ + \multicolumn{11}{l}{$\theta_{W2}=\frac{8k-6(1-g)\alpha k}{3(1-\alpha)}$, $\theta_{W4}=\frac{32\kb-3(1-\alpha)(1+b)^2-24(1-g)\alpha \kb}{12(1-\alpha)}$.}\\ \end{tabular} - \begin{tablenotes} - \item To avoid complicated writing, we define - $\lambda=(1-\alpha)(1+b)^2+4(1-\alpha)\theta-8\alpha \kb(1-g)$, - $\mu=\sqrt{(1-\alpha)^2\kb( \cv+\cvb)+\alpha ^2{\kb}^2-(1-\alpha)\kb \theta}$. - \end{tablenotes} \end{table*} +Regarding the sensitivity analysis results, three differences between Model BG and Model IG are noted. +First, if the effort cost coefficient increases, when $\cvk_2$, which means BCT raises the threshold of the SO and affects her profits. +Second, if the failed-launch penalty$\theta$ increase, when $\cv\theta_{V4}$ and $\theta>\theta_{W4}$, both profits of them will decrease. +@@@ -The equilibrium outcomes in \reflem{lemma:modelbg} are similar to that in \reflem{lemma:modelig} but with -two differences worth knowing. -(i) First, as $\kb$ is less than $k$ leading to denominator decreases, as $\lambda >\psi$ leading to numerator increases, thus the successful launch probability $e$ and the launch price $l$ are higher than in Model IG; and the premium rate $r$ is lower compared with Model IG. -(ii) Although the retail price $p$ is higher compared with Model IG, the consumer surplus eventually increase due to a greater increase in market demand with the adoption of BCT. -Noted, the consumer surplus is only related to $b$, not to the cost of the blockchain. -Therefore, as long as blockchain technology is adopted, the consumer surplus can be improved. +In addition, compared to \ref{tab:modeli_and_ig_sensitivity}, government subsidies also play a role and have the same effect on model IG and model BG. +(i) Firstly, in the case of $\cvH(\alpha)$, government subsidies only serves to enhance the SO's profit and social welfare. - -\subsection{Values of implementing BCT with government subsidies} -After deriving the equilibrium decisions in the supply chains under Models G and Model BG, we now explore the values of blockchain technology with government subsidies. +\subsubsection{Values of applying both BCT and government subsidies} +After deriving the equilibrium decisions in SSC under Models G and Model BG, we now explore the values of BCT with government subsidies, which is defined as follows: \begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:value_bg} \begin{aligned} V_{x}^{BG}&=x^{BG}-x^{IG}\\ @@ -1296,18 +1122,13 @@ After deriving the equilibrium decisions in the supply chains under Models G and \end{eqnarray} By comparing Model BG and Model IG, we report the results in \reftab{tab:value_decision_bg} and \reftab{tab:value_profit_bg} which leading to \refprop{prop:value_decision_bg} and \refprop{prop:value_profit_bg}. - \begin{prop} \label{prop:value_decision_bg} - Given $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $g$, $b$: $e^{BG}>e^{IG}$, $r^{BG}l^{IG}$, $p^{BG}>p^{IG}$. + Given $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $g$, $b$, then $e^{BG}>e^{IG}$, $r^{BG}l^{IG}$, $p^{BG}>p^{IG}$. \end{prop} - - -As shown, the results in \refprop{prop:value_decision_bg} are similar to \refprop{prop:value_decision_b}. -It indicates that for given $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $g$, and $b$, under the government subsidies, the BCT helps to increase the probability of successful launch $e$, the retail price $p$, and decrease the premium rate $r$ under the government subsidies. -Note that in the case of government subsidies, when the cost of vehicle is high, the effect of blockchain in increasing launch price is weakened compared to the absence of subsidies with a decrease of $\frac{\alpha g(k-\kb)}{(1-\alpha)^2}$ as shown in \reftab{tab:value_decision}. -In addition, BCT has the same impact on each optimal decision, whether there is government subsidy or not. - +The above results in \refprop{prop:value_decision_bg} are similar to those in \refprop{prop:value_decision_b}. +For given $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $g$, and $b$, under the government subsidies, the BCT helps to increase the probability of successful launch $e$, the retail price $p$, and decrease the premium rate $r$. +When the cost of vehicle is high, the effect of blockchain in increasing launch price is weakened by $\frac{\alpha g(k-\kb)}{(1-\alpha)^2}$ as shown in \reftab{tab:value_decision}, compared with the case without subsidies. \begin{prop} \label{prop:value_profit_bg} Given $\kb$, $k$, $\theta$, $g$, $b$: @@ -1327,41 +1148,34 @@ In addition, BCT has the same impact on each optimal decision, whether there is \end{enumerate} \end{prop} +Compared with Model IG, the BCT in Model BG helps to increase the profit of SO and the welfare of society when the cost of BCT is not high. +For the VM, when $\cv(\csb+\cvb)_1$ and $(\csb)_4>(\csb)_3$). It implies that government subsidies are more likely to be preferred after adopting BCT. @@ -1435,7 +1249,7 @@ It implies that government subsidies are more likely to be preferred after adopt % \end{aligned} %\end{eqnarray} % -%\textcolor{red}{Furthermore, focusing on the thresholds (i.e., T for the case without technologies and TIT for the case with technologies) that determine whether implementing the government’s penalty scheme is beneficial to social welfare, we have the following findings: If F is relatively small and BCR > 1, then TIT is smaller than T. } +%\textcolor{red}{Furthermore, focusing on the thresholds (i.e., T for the case without technologies and TIT for the case with technologies) that determine whether adopting the government’s penalty scheme is beneficial to social welfare, we have the following findings: If F is relatively small and BCR > 1, then TIT is smaller than T. } \begin{table*}[htbp] \scriptsize @@ -1490,10 +1304,10 @@ It implies that government subsidies are more likely to be preferred after adopt \end{tabular} \end{table*} -\section{Extended Models}\label{sec:extensions} -\subsection{ Marginal cost of implementing BCT}\label{extend:model_c} +\section{Extended models}\label{sec:extensions} +\subsection{Marginal cost of adopting BCT}\label{extend:model_c} In the models above, we assume the cost of BCT is a lump sum neglecting the marginal cost of BCT to acquire and store data, which may not be accurate in practice. -Thus, we extend the blockchain models considering the marginal cost of implementing BCT denoted by $c$. +Thus, we extend the blockchain models considering the marginal cost of adopting BCT denoted by $c$. We verify the robustness of our findings by exploring two cases that (i) blockchain-embedded satellite launch supply chain with insurance (Model B-c) (ii) blockchain-embedded satellite launch supply chain with government-subsidized insurance (Model BG-c). @@ -1597,7 +1411,7 @@ In the first case ($\cv